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| emulsification | The physical breakup of fats in the digestive tract, forming smaller droplets accessible to digestive enzymes; normally the result of mixing with bile salts. |
| bile salts | Steroid derivatives in bile; responsible for emulsification of ingested lipids. |
| cardiac glands | mucous glands characteristic of the cardia of the stomach. |
| facilitated | Brought closer to threshold, as in the depolarization of a nerve cell membrane toward threshold; making the cell more sensitive to depolarizing stimuli. |
| renin | A gastric enzyme that breaks down milk proteins. |
| sublingual salivary glands | Mucus-secreting salivary glands inferior to the tongue. |
| parietal cells | Cells of the gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. |
| hepatic portal vein | The vessel that carries blood between the intestinal capillaries and the sinusoids of the liver. |
| intestinal crypt | A tubular epithelial pocket that is lined by secretory cells and opens into the lumen of the digestive tract; also called intestinal gland. |
| sigmoid colon | The S-shaped 18 cm long portion of the colon between the descending colon and the rectum. |
| duodenum | The proximal 25cm of the small intestine that contains short villi and submucosal glands. |
| dehydration | A reduction in the water content of the body that threatens homeostatis. |
| lingual frenulum | An epithelial fold that attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. |
| amino acids | Organic compounds whose chemical structure can be summarized as R - CHNH2- COOH. |
| uvula | A dangling, fleshy extension of the soft palate. |
| liver | An organ of the digestive system that has varied and vital functions, including the production of plasma proteins, the excretion of bile, the storage of energy reserves, the detoxification of poisons, and the interconversion of nurtrients. |
| lactase | An enzyme that breaks down milk proteins. |
| fundus | The base of an organ. |
| pharynx | The throat; a muscular passageway shared by the digestive and respiratory tracts. |
| corniculate cartilages | A pair of small laryngeal cartilages. |
| muscularis externa | Concentric layers of smooth muscle responsible for peristalsis. |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Centers, nuclei, tracts, ganglia, and nerves involved in the unconscious regulation of visceral functions; includes components of the CNS Central Nervous System and PNS peripheral nervous system. |
| sinusoid | An exchange vessel that is similar in general structure to fenestrated capillary. The 2 differ in size(ssoids are larger & more irregular in cross-section) continuity (ssoids have gaps between endothelial cells) & support (ssoids have thin basal laminae) |
| mucosa | A mucous membrane; the epithelium plus the lamina propria. |
| chymotrypsinogen | The inactive proenzyme, secreted by the pancreas, that is subsequently converted to chymotrypsin. |
| rugae (ROO-ge) | Mucosal folds in the lining of the empty stomach that disappear as gastric distension occurs. |
| lysosome | An intracellular vesicle containing digestive enzymes. |
| ileocecal valve | A fold of mucous membrane that guards the connection between the ileum and the cecum. |
| enteroendocrine cells | Endocrine cells scattered among the epithelial cells that line the digestive tract. |
| small intestine | The duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the digestive tract between the stomach and the large intestine. |
| submucosal glands | Mucous glands in the submucosa of the duodenum; also called Brunner's glands and duodenal glands. |
| bacteria | Single-celled microorganisms; some pathogenic, that are common in the environment and in and on the body. |
| falciform ligament | A sheet of mesentery that contains the ligamentum teres, the fibrous remains of the umbilical vein of the fetus. |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) | A duodenal hormone released when the arriving chyme contains large quantities of carbohydrates; triggers the secretion f insulin and a slowdown in gastric activity. |
| submucosa | The region between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa. |
| pancreas | A digestive organ containing exocrine and endocrine tissues; the exocrine portion secretes pancreatic juice, and the endocrine portion secretes hormones, including insulin and glucagon. |
| greater omentum | A large fold of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach; hangs anterior to the intestines. |
| taeniae coli (TE-ne-e KO-li) | 3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the colon. |
| gastrin | A hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the stomach, after exposure to mechanical stimuli or stimulation of the vagus nerve, and of the duodenum, after exposure to chyme that contains undigested proteins. |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| cementum | Bony material that covers the root of a tooth and is not shielded by a layer of enamel. |
| salivatory nucleus | The medullary nucleus that controls the secretory activities of the salivary glands. |
| pylorus | The gastric region between the body of the stomach and the duodenum; includes the pyloric sphincter. |
| vitamin | an essential organic nutrient that functions as a coenzyme in vital enzymatic reactions. |
| esophagus | A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. |
| duodenal ampulla | A chamber that receives bile from the common bile duct and pancreatic secretions from the pancreatic duct. |
| systemic circuit | The vessels between the aortic valve and the entrance to the right atrium; the system other than the vessels of the pulmonary circuit.` |
| lacteal | A terminal lymphatic within an intestinal villus. |
| mesentery | A double layer of serous membrane that supports and stabilizes the position of an organ in the abdominopelvic cavity and provides a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. |
