| Question | Answer |
| What is the purpose of the endocrine system? | It functions with the nervous system to monitor and maintain homeostasis. |
| What is homeostasis? | Constant internal environment. |
| The regulating systems in the body are? | The nervous system and endocrine system |
| What is the function of the nervous system? | Detect changes in the internal and external environment, to bring about changes to maintain homeostasis. |
| What system provides short-term crisis management? | The nervous system |
| What kind of modulation is the endocrine system under? | Amplitude-modulated |
| What type of modulation is the nervous system under? | Frequency- modulated |
| What does amplitude modulated mean? | The amount |
| What does frequency modulated mean? | How often |
| What does it mean when we say the endocrine system is amplitude modulated? | The amount of hormone released gives you a differenct outcome |
| What does it mean when we say the nervous system is frequency modulated? | How often gives you the outcome; once you hit the threshold, it must be redone to get the outcome |
| What is the difference in speed of the modulation in the endocrine system and the nervous system? | The endocrine is slower and longer lasting |
| What does the endocrine system deal with? | hormones |
| What does the nervous system deal with? | neurotransmitters |
| What is an endocrine gland and its function? | ductless, secretes hormones into tissue fluid, from which is diffuses into the blood |
| What is tissue fluid? | solution which surrounds cells in the body |
| What is an exocrine gland and its function? | secretes products thru ducts into a lumen or onto a surface |
| What does "endo- " and "exo-" mean? | Endo- means internal; Exo- means external |
| What are examples of exocrine gland products? | Sweat, oil, tears, spit |
| What is a ligand? | (ligand comes from latin ligare = to bind) its a molecule that binds to another, normally refers to a soluble molecule such as a hormone or nerurotransmitter that binds to a receptor. |
| What is a hormone? | A chemical messenger that is released in tissue and transported in the blood stream to alter the activities of a specific cells in other tissues |
| Where do hormones take action? | at their target tissue |
| Do hormones have acion in the glands? | No, they do not have action where they are produced. |
| Where are hormones secreted? | in the interstitial cells |
| What takes hormones to tissues? | blood |
| Where are hormones produced? | in endocrine glands |
| Hormones are relased from endocrine glands into? | the interstitial fluid where they diffuse into the blood and travel tro target tissues |
| What action occurs when hormones meet their target tissues? | A specific response occurs |
| What are circulating hormones? | hormones that pass into the blood and act on distant target cells |
| What are local hormones? | Other chemical messengers (not circulating hormones) produced by endocrine glands |
| Two examples of local hormones are? | paracrines and autocrines |
| What is a paracrine? | "para-" meaning near by/ next to; a local hormone that DIFFUSES to their targets; these chemical messengers are not transported thru blood |
| What is an autocrine? | a local hormone that effects the same cell or type of cells that release them |
| What are chemical messengers? | hormones, neurohormones, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and parahormones |
| What is a neurohormone? | they are produced by neurons and behave like hormones |
| What are 3 ways to classify hormones? | Based on 1. Function 2. Solubility 3. Chemical Structure |
| Based on function the response of a hormone is? | kinetic or metabolic |
| Kinetic regulates? | movement |
| Metabolic regulates? | the total sum of chemical reactions occuring in the body cells |
| Based on solubility hormones are classified as? | lipid soluble, water soluble, or eicosanoids |
| What are lipids? | Hydrophobic, molecules such as fats, oils, wax, steroids, cholesterol |
| What are lipid soluble horrmones? | Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide |
| What are water soluble hormones? | catecholamines, peptide and protien hormones |
| What does eicosanoid mean? | its a collective term for oxygenated derivatives of three different 20-carbon essential fatty acids; are lipid derivatives of arachidonic acid |
| Based on solubility what are eicosanoid hormones? | prostoglandins and leukotriens |
| Based on chemical structure hormones are classified as? | lipid derived, amino acid derived, and peptide hormones |
| What are lipid derived hormones? | Eicosanoids and steroid hormones |
| What are eicosaoids hormones? | leukotrienes, prostoglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins |
| Steroid hormones are structurally similar to? | cholesterol |
| What are steroid hormones? | androgens, estrogens, progestins, mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids,androgens, calcitrol |
| What are the steroid hormones located in the gonads? | androgens, estrogens, progestins |
| What are steroid hormones located in the adrenal cortex? | mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids, and androgens |
| What are steroid hormones located in the kidneys? | Calcitrol |
| Define a lipid derivative | carbon rings and side chains built from fatty acids and cholesterol |
| Define amino acid derivatives (aka biogenic amines) | small molecules structurally related to individual amino acids, are made from tyrosine and tryptophan |
| What is tyrosine and tryptophan? | tyrosine is a single amino acid and tryptophan is another amino acid |
| What are tyrosine derived hormones? | amino acid derivatives, broken into two groups thyroid hormones and catecholamines |
| What are thyroid hormones? | tyrosine and amino acid derivatives, lipid soluble, therefore not soluble in water include T3 - TRIODOTHYRONINE and T4 - THYROXINE |
| What does the number stand for in regards to T3 and T4? | the number of atomes of iodine in a molecule |
| What are catecholamines? | tyrosine derived, amino acid derived include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine |
| What is a tryptophan derived hormone? | an amino acid derivative, the hormone melatonin |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by? | the adrenal medulla |
| Melatonin is secreted by? | the pineal gland |
