| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| hunter-gatherer | hunted animals for meat and clothing. Probably how the earliest humans survived. |
| Louis Leakey | found the first evidence of early people in East Africa |
| domesticate | to adapt plants or animals for their own use |
| fertile | productive |
| surplus | more than needed |
| civilization | is a society with cities,a government and social classes |
| name the two most powerful african empires | Egypt and Nubia |
| what is the Bantu migration | a group of people who migrated from Western Africa and introduced herding, farming and iron tools to Southern and Central Africa.
Now, there are many ethnic groups and most speak Bantu languages. |
| ethnic groups | or groups that share languages,religions,family ties and customs |
| When did people begin farming along the Nile River | About 4,000 BC |
| Who ruled ancient Egypt? | King and queens called Pharoahs. |
| Where were pharoahs buried? | pyramids |
| Heiroglyphics | murals and picture writings that often decorated the walls in pyramids |
| What are some of the achievements of the Egyptian civilization? | paper making, architecture, medicine and mathematics |
| When did the civilations of Nubia arise? | About 6,000BC |
| Where is Nubia? | South of Egypt |
| The greatest Nubian kingdom arose in what city? | Meroe |
| The first place in Africa that iron was made was what city? | Meroe |
| When did Meroe thrive? | from the 500s BC to the mid 300sAD |
| How did early Africans adapt to their environment? | (blank) |
| Aksum | trade center along the Red Sea, in East Africa. |
| Adulis | The most important city in Askum |
| If Askrum existed today, it would be in what countries? | Ethiopia and Eritrea |
| When did Aksum come to power? | After the Nubian kingdom of Meroe fell. |
| Aksum's trade network stretched from... | the Mediterranean Sea to India |
| What religion spread along the trade routes? | Christianity |
| Aksum became a center of what Church? | the early Ethiopian Christian Church |
| When did Aksum begin to decline? | in the 600s |
| Who took over much of the region's trade? | Arabs |
| What are the three main West African Kingdoms? | Ghana, Mali and Songhai |
| North and West Africa traded what two resources? | salt and gold |
| Ghana | Located between the Senegal and Niger rivers. Controlled trade across West Africa. Kings taxed the goods that passed through their lands. Known as the Land of Gold. |
| Mali | Arose in the mid 1200s in the upper Niger Valley. The kings controlled the gold mines of the South and the salt supplies of the North. |
| Mansa Musa | Mali's most famous king. Came to power in 1312. Brought peace and order to the kingdom. Based his laws on the Quron. He was Muslim. Died in 1332 |
| Quran | Holy book of Islam |
| pilgrimage | religious journey |
| Mansa Musa's pilgrimage... | 1324, to Mecca(a Muslim holy city), brought about new trading ties with other Muslim states. |
| Sonhai | Destroyed the Mali Empire after Mansa Musa's death. Soon became West Africa's most powerful kingdom, controlled important trade routes and trading cities |
| Timbouctou | The wealthiest trading city in Songhai. Great Muslim learning center |
| Songhai was defeated in... | 1591 by North African invaders |
| city state | a city that has its own government and often controls the surrounding land |
| Name the three greatest city states | Kilwa, Mombasa and Malindi |
| Kilwa | East African city-state. Got rich on trade and taxes. Conquered by Portugal in the early 1500s. |
| Zimbabwe | great trading civilization near the bend of Limpopo in So. Africa. Reached its peak about 1300. |
