| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Beringia | an ancient land bridge over which the earliest Americans are believed to have migrated from Asia into the Americas. |
| Ice Age | a cold period in which huge ice sheets spread outward from the polar regions, the last one of which lasted from about 1,600,000 to 10,000 B.C. |
| maize | a cultivated cereal grain that bears its kernels on large ears-usually called corn in the United States. |
| Mesoamerica | |
| Olmec | the earliest known Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished around 1200 B.C. and influenced later societies throughout the region. |
| Zapotec | an early Mesoamerican civilization that was centered in Oaxaca Valley of what is now Mexico. |
| Monte Alban | the first real urban center in the Americas, built around 500 B.C. in teh Oaxaca Valley of Mexico. |
| Chavin | the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900-200B.C. |
| Nazca | a civilization that flourished on what is now the southern coast of Peru from about 200 B.C. to A.d. 600. |
| Moche | a civilization the flourished on what is now the northern coast of Peru from about A.D. 100 ro 700. |
| potlatch | a ceremonial feast used to display rank and prosperity in some Northwest Coast tribes of the Native Americans. |
| Anasazi | an early Native American people who lived in the American Southwest. |
| pueblos | villages of large apartment-like buildings made of clay and stone, built by the Anasazi and later peoples of the American Southwest. |
| Mississippian | relating to a Mound Builder culture that flourished in North America between A.D. 800 and 1500. |
| Iroquois | a group of Native American peoples who spoke related languages, lived in teh eastern-Great Lakes region of North America, and formed an alliance in the late 1500s. |
| totems | animals or other natural objects that serve as symbols of the unity of clans or other groups of people. |
| Tikal | major urban center of Mayan civilization located in northern Guatemala. |
| glyph | a symbolic picture-especially one used as part of a writing system for carving messages in stone. |
| codex | a book with pages that can be turned, like your textbook. |
| Popol Vuh | a book containing a version of the Mayan story of creation. |
| obsidian | a hard, glassy volcanic rock used by early peoples to make sharp weapons. |
| Quetzalcoatl | the feathered Serpent-a god of teh Toltecs and other Mesoamerican peoples. |
| Triple Alliance | an association of city-states of Tenochtitlan, Texoco, and Tlacopan, which led to the formation of the Aztec Empire. |
| Montezuma II | after being crowned emperor in 1502, the Aztecs began a state of decline due to sacrifices, tribute payment, and the Spanish conquerors. |
| Pachacuti | powerful and ambitious ruler who took the Incan throne in 1438 and led the empire to prosperity and expansion. |
| ayllu | in Incan society, a small community or clan whose members worked together for the common good. |
| mita | in the Incan Empire, the requirement that all able-bodied subjects work for the state a certain number of days each year. |
| quipu | an arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information. |
