| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| What is the difference in terms of reaction time of the Nervous System vs. Endocrine system? | N.S. - milliseconds Endo - seconds to hours |
| Within the NS is there an action potential required for a nerve impulse? | Yes |
| Are neurotransmitters necessary for nerve conduction? | Not necessarily |
| Are hormones and receptors necessary for signal transduction? | Yes |
| Fact: NS stimulates & inhibits release of hormones but then hormones in turn may promote or inhibit nerve impulses. | (blank) |
| Does the endocrine system release hormones directly in to the blood stream or through ductless glands? | Yes, endocrine system uses ductless glands to relaese hormones directly into the bloodstream where specific receptors initiate responses to specific targets |
| What glands composes the endocrine system? | 1.Pituitary 2. Thyroid 3. Parathyroid 4. Adrenals 5. Pineal 6. Thymus |
| What is another name for the Adrenal Glands? | Suprarenal |
| What is another name for the pineal gland? | Epiphysis cerebri |
| What organs contain endocrine tissue? | Yeah...... About all of them |
| What do hormones do? | 1.Regulate Internal Environment 2.Regulate smooth & cardiac muscle 3.Help regulate metabolism 4.maintain energy balance 5.regulate synthesis of new mol. 6.stimulates transportation in & out of target cells 7. Maintain Homeostasis 8.Contibutes to reprod |
| Hormones have powerfull effects using relatively high concentrations. True or False? | False, very powerful but present in low concentrations |
| There are atleast 50+ kinds of hormones. True or False? | True |
| What are hormone receptors made of? | Large proteins or Glycoproteins |
| The Up-Down regulation of target cells simply states: | The more number of receptors a target organ has, less amounts of hormones are required to effect the cell. And vice versa - the fewer receptors require higher concentrations of hormones to effect the target cell. |
| Hormones may be stored on blood proteins for months. True or False? | True, they become active once they are dissolved in plasma |
| Name the 3 types of hormones? | 1. Paracrine - act on neighbor cells 2. autocrine - act on releasing cell 3. Endocrine - act on distant cell |
| What are the 4 classes of hormones? | 1.Steroids 2. Biogenic Amines 3. Peptides & Proteins 4. Eicosanoids |
| What is the structure of a steroid? | 4 Ring Structure |
| What are steroids derived from? | Cholesetrol |
| Where are steroids synthesized? | In smooth ER. |
| Stereroids are transported in blood and are bound to what? | They are bound to blood proteins as they travel through the bloodstream. |
| Biogenic amines are derived from what? | Amino Acids |
| Biogenic amines are synthesized from what amino acids in particular? | Tyrosine, Histidine, & Tryptophan |
| Tyrosine is the precursor to what? | Catecholamines - Epi and Norepinephrine |
| Where are proteins and peptides sythesized? | Rough ER |
| Eicosanoids are derived from what? | Arachidonic Acid |
| What are the 2 types of Eicosanoids | Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes |
| Endocrine Glands are avascular or vascular? | Highly Vascular |
| Catecholamines, peptides, and proteins are water soluble or insoluble? | Water soluble |
| Steroids and Thyroid hormones travel through the blood stream bound to what blood protein in particular? | Albumin |
| Transport proteins are produced by what organ? | Liver |
| Hydrophobic molecules alone are insoluble, but when bound to _________ makes them water soluble. | Transport proteins |
| What is the free fraction of a hormone? | Hormone free in the blood plasma that can bind to receptors |
| What are the steps to activate intracellular hormone receptors? | 1.Steroid & Thyroid hormones pass through membrane barrier 2.hormone binds to & activates recptor usually in the nucleus 3.Receptor alters gene expression 4.New mRNA is formed 5.RNA directs sythesis of new protein |
| What is amplification? | One receptor activates many G-proteins and the effects are multiplied many fold. |
| What are permissive effects? | When a previous exposure enhances the response of a target cell. |
| What is a synergistice effect? | When two or more hormones act together and aid each other to fully express the effect. |
| What is an antagonistic effect? | One hormones opposes the actions of another |
| What controls hormonal secretions? | NS, Chemical changes in blood, pos. & neg. feedback and other hormones |
