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Exercise 36
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cellular respiration | oxygen-using cellular processes |
| major role of the respiratory system | supply body with oxygen & dispose of carbon dioxide |
| respiration | processes that must occur |
| pulmonary ventilation | tidelike movement of air into & out of the lungs so that the gases in the alveoli are continuously changed & refreshed (ventilation/breathing) |
| external respiration | gas exchange between the blood & air-filled chambers of the lungs (oxygen loading.carbon dioxide unloading) |
| transport of respiratory gases | occurs between the lungs & tissue cells of the body accomplished by the cardiovascular system, using blood as the transport vehicle |
| internal repiration | exchange of gases between systemic blood & tissue cells (oxygen unloading & carbon dioxide loading) |
| external nares | (nostrils); allows air to generally pass into the respiratory tract |
| nasal cavity | where air enters after passing the external nares |
| the nasal cavity is divided by | nasal septum |
| 3 pairs of lobelike structurs that the air flows through posteriorly after entering the nasal cavity is the | inferior, superior & middle nasal conchae |
| what do these 3 structurs do | they increase the air turbulence |
| what happens to the air while passing through the nasal cavity | it is warmed, moistened, & filtered by the nasal cavity |
| the air that flows directly beneathe the superior part of the nasal cavity may . . . | chemically stimulate the olfactory receptors located in the mucosa of that region |
| paranasal sinuses | surrounds the nasal cavity in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid & maxillary bones |
| theses sinuses act as | renonance chambers in speech |
| the sinuses mucosae is like that of the nasal cavity by | warming & moistening the incoming air |
| how are the nasal passages separated from the oral cavity below? | by a partition composed anteriorly of the hard palate & posteriorly by the soft palate |
| cleft palate | genetic defect where failure of the palatine bones &/or the palatine processes of the maxillary bones fuse medially; it causes difficulty in breathing & oral cavity functions such as sucking & mastication & speech |
| explain how air would pass through the mouth | passes through the oral cavity to move into the pharynx posteriorly, where the oral & nasal cavities are joined temprarily |
| pharynx | throat; funnel-shaped; connects the nasal & oral cavities to the larynx & esophagus inferiorly (3 parts) |
| nasopharynx | lies posterior to the nasal cavity & is continuous with it via the INTERNAL NARES |
| then nasopharynx lies above the | soft palate |
| the nasopharynx serves only as an | air passage |
| high on the nasopharynx posterior wall are the | pharyngeal tonsils |
| what are they & what do they do? | paired masses of lymphoid tissue that help to protect the respiratory passages from invading pathogens |
| what is the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes? | they allow middle ear pressure to become equalized to atmospheric pressure, they drain into the lateral aspect of the nasopharynx |
| the tubule tonsils | surround the openings of theses tubes into the nasophrynx |
| otitis media | a nasal infection by the continuity of the middle ear & nasopharyngeal mucosae |
| oropharynx | serves as a common conduit for food & air |
| the oropharynxs lateral walls are the | palatine tonsils |
| the oropharynx is continuous posteriorly with the | oral cavity |
| the oropharynx extends from the ___ to the ___ of the larynx ___ | soft palate tot he epiglottis of the larynx inferiorly |
| laryngopharynx | similar to the oropharynx, bc it accomodates both ingested foor & air; air enters the lower respiratory passageways by passing through the larynx (voice box) & into the trachea below |
| the laryngopharynx lies directly ___ to the upright ___ & extends to the larynx | posterior to the upright epiglottis |
| by doing this the common pathway divides into the ___ & ____ channels | respiratory & digestive channel |
| they larynx consists of how many cartilages? | nine |
| the two most prominent cartilages of the larynx are | the thyroid cartilage & cricoid cartilage |
| thyroid cartilage | has the anterior medial laryngeal prominence that is commonly referred to as Adam's apple |
| cricoid cartilage | inferiorly located ring-shaped; whose widest dimension faces posteriorly |
| epiglottis | a flexible elastic cartilage located superior to the opening of the larynx |
| all laryngeal cartilages are composed of ___ except for the __ | composed of hyaline caartilage except the flaplike epiglotis |
| the epiglotis is referred to as | guarddian of the airways bc it forms a lid over the larynx when we swallow/ this closes off the respiratory passageways to incoming food or drink which is routed into the posterior esophags or food chute |
| the cough reflex operates only when a person is | conscious |
| name the two pairs of folds the mucous membrane of the larynx is thrown into | vestibular folds/false vocal cords & vocal folds/truevocal cords |
| the vocal cords are attached posterolateraly to the small triangular ____ via the ____ | arytenoid cartilages by the vocal ligaments |
| glottis | slitlike passagewy between the folds |
| trachea | windpipe |
| sternal angle | disc between the 4th & 5th thoracic vertebrae |
| primary bronchi | R&L; plunge into their respective lungs @ an indented area call the HILUS |
| the right primary bronchus is __, __ & more ___ than the left | wider, shorter & more verticle |
| b/c of this difference . . | foreign objects that ente the respiratory passageways are more likely to become lodged in it |
| the trachea is lined with a | ciliated mucus-secreting, pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
| what does the cilia do? | propel mucus (produced by goble cells)laden w/ dust particles, bacteria & other debris away from the lungs & toward the throat where t can be expectorated or swallowed |
| the walls of the trachea are reinforced with | C-shaped cartilage rings, the incomplete portion located posteriorly; serve as double funtion |
| what are their functions | incomplete parts allow esophagus to expand anteriorly when a large food bolus is swallowd, the solid portions reinforce the trachea walls to maintain its open passageway regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing |
| respiratory bronchioles | terminal branches on the bronchioles |
| respiratory tree | the continuous branching of the respiratory passageways in the lungs |
| resiratory bronchioles subdivide into several ___ | alveolar ducts |
| alveolar ducts | termiate in alveolar sacs that rather resemble clusters of grapes |
| alveoli | tine ballownlike expansions along the alveolar sacs, occasionally found protruding from the alveolar ducts & respiratory bronchioles |
| what are alveoli composed of? | a single thin layer of squamous epithelium overling a wispy basal lamina |
| the external surfaces of the alveoli are | densely spiderwebbed with a network of pulmonary capillaries |
| respiratory membrane | (air-blood barrier); when the alveolar & capillary walls & their fused basal laminas form together |
| respiratory zone structures | alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts & respiratory zone structures |
| gas exchanges occur by ____ across the _____ | simple diffusion across the respiratory membrane |
| oxygen passes from the ____ to the ____ | alveolar air tot he capillary blood |
| carbon dioxide leaves the ___ to enter the ___ | capillary blood to enter the respiratory bronchioles |
| conducting zone structures | (anatomical dead space) have no exchange function; the other respiratory passageway (from the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles) serve as access or exit routes |
| each lung is connected tot he mediastinum by a ___ | root containing its vascular & bronchial atachments |
| hilus | a medial indentation that the structures of the root enter (or leave) the lung by |
| cardiac noch (impresion) | the medial surface of the L lung exhibits this concavity which accommodates the heart where it extends L from the body midline |
| parietal pleura | the outer layer that is attached tot he thoracic walls and the diaphragm |
| visceral pleura | inner layer, covering the lung tissue |
| pleural cavity | sparates the two pleural layers |
| the pleural layers produce | lubricating serous fluid that causes them to adhere closely to one another, holding the lungs to the thoracic wall & allowing them to move easily against one another during th movements of breathing |
| polarization | the heart is at rest |
| depolarization | discharge of the electrical energy |
| repolarization | recovery or recharge of the heart cells |
| vasculature | blood vessel |
| systole | thecontraction phase of the heart greatest amount of blood pressure |
| diastole | the relaxation phase of the heartbeat least amount of blood pressure |
| syncope | fainting a transient form of unconsciousness |
| electrode | a instrument that transmits current to the patients body |
| holter monitor | a device that attaches electrodes to a patient chest |
| precordial | pertaining to that area of the cheat wall where leads go |
Created by:
Brina