9th Grade Science - --
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| neutron | a subatomic particle with no electrical charge found within the cucleus of an atom
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| carbonate | any mineral containing the CO 3 2- ion
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| corundum | two forms of this mineral are ruby and sapphire
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| covalent bond | type of chemical bond within a molecule that involves the sharing of electroms from one atom to another
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| quark theory | timy particls are thought to compose protons, neutrons, and certain other subatomic particles
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| thermocline | the boundary in the ocean where cold deep ocean water meets the suarmed water nearer the surface
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| exothermic reaction | a chemical reaction in which hear energy is released
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| second law of thermodynamics | states that heat and other natual processes in a system always tend toward less usable energy and greater disorder
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| sedimentary rock | type of rock formd when depsists of sand and mineral fagments are cemented together
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| precision | the repeatability or consistency of a series of measurements
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| strtus clouds | heavy clouds that form a flat, gray layer not far above the ground
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| stratosphere | the layer of the earth's atmospere having strong steady inds but few changes of weather
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| amino acids | the building blocks of proteins
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| cleavage | the tendency of a minera to break readily along certain flat surfaces, producing fragments with the same shape as a parent mineral
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| climate | th year round atmospheric conditions typical of a certain place
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| dipolar force | intermolecular force that affects all polar moleules
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| electron | a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the ucleus of an atom; most atoms seek to have 8 electrons in ther outer shell
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| entropy | the amount of decay or disorder in a system
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| hurricane | a storm with winds that exceed 4 mph
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| kilo | 1,000
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| oceanography | the study of the seas
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| metamorphic rock | type of rock fomed when preexisting rocks are altered by heat or pressure
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| plate tectonics theory | states that the eath's crust and upper mantle consist of huge plates that slowly drift as a result of convection currents in the mantle
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| atmosphericpresure | 14.7 psi at sea level
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| carbon | two forms of this element are graphite and diamond
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| gene | a segment of DNA containing the codes for a specific substance, task or characteristic
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| ozone | harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun is blocked by O2 nd O3 in the oxide layer of the upper stratosphere
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| nuceus of an atom | contains protons and neutrons
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| nuclear fission | the splitting of an atomic nucleus
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| marble | example of metamorphic rock
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| cumulus clouds | white billowy cloud that resembles a pile of cotton puffs in the sky
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| atomic mass | the average mass (protons and newutrons) of the various isotopes of an element compared to the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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| mineralogy | study of inorganic crystalline substances found naturally in the earth
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| scientific law | a verified theory that has stood the test of time
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| 280,000 is equivalent to what number in scientific notation? | 2.8x10 5
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| thermosphere | a layer of the earth's atmosphere characterized by high temperatures but is practically a vacuum
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| tsunamis | gigantic sea waves formed by earthquakes, volcanic explosis, or undersea landslides
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| London force | a weak intermolecular force that exists between all molecules, causes by temporary imbalance in electrons distribution
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| 7 ph | a neutral substance
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| crust | the earth's outer layer of rock
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| specific gravity | the ratio of an object's density to the density of water
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| shale | the most common sedimentary rock
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| centi | 1/100
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| seismograph | an insrument used to record the vibrations causes by earthquakes
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| cirrus clouds | a high, thin, delicate cloud, consisting of ice crystals
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| convection | heat transferred by warm currents within a fluid
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| conglomerate rock | a sedimentary rock that consists of smooth pebbles embedded in hardened sand or clay
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| stratum | a single layer of sedimentary rock
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| electrolysis | the process of passing an electric current through a sloutio in order to cause a chemical reaction
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| proton | a positively charged subatomic particle found within the nucleus of an atom
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| igneous rock | type of rock formed when magma or molten rock solidies
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| accuracy | the exactness of a measurement
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| beryl | two morms of this mineral are emerald and aquamarine
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| geology | the study of the earth
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| nimbo | means rain
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| exosphere | the outermost layer of the earth's atmosphere
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| mixture | substances composed of elements or compounds that are physically mixed but not chemically united
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| less that 7 ph | an acid
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| ore | any mneral that contains a valuable metallic element
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| endothermic reaction | a chemical reaction in which the products grow colder than the reactants
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| sodim chloride (table salt) | the most common substance dissolved in the sea
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| SI or metric system | the system of measurement used by scentist around the world
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| front | a boundary between two air masses
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| pumice | metamorphic porous, lightweight rock
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| ionic bond | type of chemical bond within a moleculer that involves the transfer of electrons from on atom to anothyer
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| native element | a element that occurs naturally in its pure form, uncombined with other elements
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| Gulf Stream | a well-known ocean current that flows up the coast of north america and then sweeps across the Atlantic toward Europe
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| scientific method | observing, hypothesizing, experimenting
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| weather | the state of the earth's atmosphere at a givin time and plcae
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| elastic rebound theory | states that rocks spring back to a position of little or not strain at the moment of an earthquake, causing vibrations in the earth's crust
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| organic chemistry | the study of compound containing the element carbon
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| sediment | deposits of sand and mineral fragments, usually laid down by water
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| hydrogen bond | the strongest of all intermolecular forces
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| luster | the way light is reflected from the surfa of a mineral crystal
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| mesosphere | third layer of the earth's atmosphere
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| meteorology | study of the earth's atmosphere and weather
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| challenger deep | the deepest known point in the sea, located in the marianas trench near gum
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| quantum theory | states that tiny particles such as electrons do not absorb or release energy smoothly
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| San Andreas fault | a large, well-known strike-slip fault in western California
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| obsidian | igneous rock with a smooth, glasslike texture
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| compound | substances composed of different types of atoms linked together
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| milli | 1/1,000
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| .0031 is equivalent to what number in scientific notation | 3.1x10-3
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| nitrogen | the most abundant gas in the atmosphere
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| tornado | a narrow funnel of powerful, rapidly whirling winds, usually created b a severe thunderstorm
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| troposphere | the "weather layer" of the atmosphere
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| conduction | the transfer of heat by direct contact
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| greenhouse effect | the trapping of heat in the earth's atmosphere by gasses such as water vapor and carbon dioxide
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| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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| element | substances composed of only one type of atom
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| vapor pressure | the tendency of the molecules of a liquid at a givin temperature to evaporate as a result of random molecular motion
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| more than 7 | ph of a base
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| enzyme | a special globular protein uesed to initiate or regulate a chemical reaction in a cel
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| oxygen | the most abundant element in the earth's crust
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| seismology | the study of the earthquakes
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| precious stone | the rarest, most durable, and most beautiful minerals of all prized for their hardness, color, and "fire"
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| hardness | the resistance of the smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched
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| granite | the most common of all igneous rock
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| sandstone | a sedimentary rock that consists of grains of sand (quartz) cemented tighter into rock
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