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| The group that occupied the lowest level of Chinese Social Heirarchy |
Merchants |
| According to Confuscius, the primary ethical relationships include: |
father-son, brother-brother, ruler-subject, husband-wife, and friend-friend |
| Han peasants had difficulty enter govt. serivce because of |
EDUCATION COSTS |
| the philosophy of Daoism was developed by |
Loazi |
| Daoist teaching rejected the idea that |
people must fulfill special societial rules |
| The form of Christianity that developed in Byzantine Empire became known as |
Eastern Orthodox |
| The spread of Islam into Europe was halted by Charles Martel's victory in |
the Battle of Tours, France |
| The first Caliph was |
Muhammad's father in law ABU BAKAR |
| The holiest city of Islam is |
Mecca |
| The first yr of the Muslim calendar marks the |
YATHRIB |
| Followers who backed Ali's claim to Islamic leadership became known as |
Shiites |
| During Ramadan Muslims are expected to |
fast |
| after the death of Ali and Husayn, Muslims split into two branches |
Shiites and Sunni |
| Birthplace of Muhammad |
Mecca |
| muslims are expected to take a pilgrimage called |
Hajj |
| nomadic herders who inhabited the Arabian Peninsula |
Bedouins |
| Homes in Muslim cities were typically constructed |
around a central courtyard facing Mecca |
| islam improved position of women by |
ending female infantcides |
| Departure of Muhammad from Makkah to Yathrib is known as |
HIJRA |
| After the death of Muhammad. Muslims chose a new leader called a |
CALIPH |
| The holy scriptures of Islam |
Quran |
| near-total authority within a fiew was weilded by the |
lord of the fief |
| William the Conqueror earned his title by |
defeating Harold for the thron at the Battle of Hastings |
| strongest Germanic group to emerge during the AD 400s were the |
Franks |
| wandering preachers who encouraged Catholic loaylty during AD 1200s were called |
Missionaries |
| Charlemagne |
defended the pope, was big on education and schooling, and he expanded the empire |
| Behavior of knights was governed by a code of honor called |
Chivalry |
| The Benedictine Rule specified among other things that |
manual labor was connected to spirtual value, poverty, loyalty, chastity |
| first Germanic ruler to accept Catholicism |
Clovis |
| The denial of basic church teachings is called |
heresy |
| primarily intended to protect feudal rights the Magna Carta eventually |
shaped governemental traditions in England and limited the King's power |
| feudal society was characterized by |
heirarchial system of duties |
| the goal of the Inquisition was to |
torture and punish those of heresy |
| during feudal era, noblewomen |
possesed few rights |
| characteristics of medieval castles |
keep, wooden tower, fence, moat |
| self-sufficiency of manor was important during the feudal era because |
Trade was difficult and they had to defend against highwaymen, pirates, and theives |
| frankish kings |
Clovis, Peppin, Charlemagne |
| farmers who cannot leave manor without permission is called |
peasants |
| in return for recieving powers previously held by the government, feudal lords |
exchanged vows of loyalty and service (FEALTY) |
| under Henry II, feudal rules in England were replaced by |
the common law and the jury system |
| the crusades were undertaken to |
increase papal power and to fight against muslims |
| craft guild members who recieved pay but were not allowed to open their own shops were called |
JOURNEYMEN |
| under the leadership of Joan of Arc, the French broke the seige at: |
Orleans |
| The need for a common medium of exchange led to the rise of |
a monetary system |
| peasants were enticed to joun the crusades for what reason? |
travel, wealth, salvation |
| hundred years war was between |
england and france |
| war of roses was caused by |
the fact their was no heir to an open throne between the lancasters and yorks |
| Between 1348 and 1350 almost one third of the population of Europe |
died from the Black Death (bubonic plague) |
| many commoners disliked the sale of church positions, called |
SIMONY |
| by the end of the hundred years war |
feudal societies were changing because they needed armies more than they needed vassals |
| the period in AD 1300s called the Babylonian Captivity refers to |
when the pope was in being held in France |
| the Crusades contributed to |
contact with Byzantium, technology, growth of Mediterannean trade |
| German princes met at Worms to |
make Luther give up his writings |
| The term RENAISSANCE refers to the period from about |
1300-1800 AD |
| tbe wealth of Venice during the Renaissance stemmed from its position as |
the center of trade |
| Francesco Petrarca was famous for writing |
Sonnets to Laura |
| According to the doctrine of predestination |
God had long ago determined who would gain salvation: between saints and sinners |
| What countries are part of the Low Countries |
Luxemborg, Netherlands, Belgium |
| The INSTITUTES OF CHRISTIAN RELIGION expressed the theological beliefs of |
Calvin and his predestination |
| Europe from the 1500s on could be rougly described as religiously divided between |
Catholics (south) and Protestants (north) |
| Opponents of Catholic rituals in the Protestant English Church became known as |
the Puritans |
| Martin Luther criticized the sale of |
indulgences |
| the city that lost its Renaissance leaderships after the interruption of Medici rule was |
Florence |
| During the Renaissance, Italian govt was characterized by |
oligarchies |
| Anabaptists believed |
that they should live outside sinful society |
| ties between the catholic church and england were weakened by |
King Henry VIII |
| wrote in England during Renaissance |
Shakespeare, Thomas Moore, Samuel Johnson |
| purchase of certificate of indulgence was supposed to provide |
a sould with less time in Purgatory |
| the Catholic reformation sparked the growth of the baroque style which emphasized |
emotion and exaggeration |
| Lutheranism emphasized |
the significance of salvation through faith |
| the renaissnce began in the city-state of |
Italy |
| Erasmus's In PRAISE of FOLLY |
he attacked ignorant and immoral people of his time including religious clergy |
| Geneva-based leader of the Reformation in Switzerland was |
John calvin |
| Humanism encompassed |
all worldly objects |
| european explorers encouraged ocean exploration |
to find a new and more effective way to trade with Asia |
| Khmer empire was influenced by |
Indian Hinduism |
| How did portugal gain control of trade in S.E. Asia |
More in south east asia and less in Europe |
| How did Portugal gain control of trade in S.E. Asia? |
Sea power and fighting |
| Portuguese lost control of Trade in indian ocean to |
Dutch |
| Ming and Qing dynasties followed which of the followinf policies regarding foreign trade? |
RESTRICTED FOREIGN TRADE |
| Vietnam was controlled by |
China (Han dynasty) |
| Who took control of spic trade from Portuguese |
Dutch |
| True of Japan under Tokugawa shoguns: |
Western ideas influenced Japan |
| Brazil was influenced by which culture? |
Portuguese |
| kingdoms that developed in W. Africa were influenced by |
Islamic Revivals |
| The legal code of Hammurabi called for |
Justice to prevail and strict punishments |
| Phonecians |
contributed to trade and alphabet |
| Zoroaster's teachings |
The belief in a single and wise god. he believed in forces of good and evil. |
| Perisans settled in present day |
iran |
| public square where meetings took place in greece |
agora |
| most greek goods were transported by |
cargo ships |
| ruler who established Athenian democracy |
Cleisthenes |
| Draco's code of law |
improvement because it codified law and created a death penalty |
| Macedonian King who conqured most of Greece by 338BC |
Phillip |
| Ptolemy |
Egypt |
| Thucydides historical technique was revolutionary because |
he went to the places he was writing about |
| Socrates argued at his trial that |
the serach for truth was the most important thing |
| In AD 455 Rome was completely ransacked by |
vandals |
| Tiberius was killed after proposing a law to |
limit latifundia |
| The first Punic war began when Rome resisted the forces of |
carthage |
| growing success of provincial and mainland latifundia resulted in |
the use of slave labor and it hurt the small farmers because the landless farmers migrated to rome |
| religious beliefs of the Romans were greatly influenced by the |
Greeks |
| Sophists |
truth is different for each person |
| Edict of Princes to |
make farmers to leave thier farms and control inflation |
| goal of 8-fold path |
achieve nirvana |
| Daoism emphasizes |
harmony between individuals in nature |
| Daoism and confuscianism share emphasis on |
life in THIS world |
