Ch8 Cognition and Language
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| algorithm | a mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem
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| attention | the tendency to respodn to some stimuli more than others or to remember some more than other
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| attentional blink | a brief period after perceiving a stimulus, during which it is difficult to attend to another stimulus
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| attentive process | a procedure that extracts informations from one part of the visual field at a time
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| availability heuristic | the strategy of assuming that how easily one can remember examples of some kind of event indicates how common the event actually is
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| base-rate information | data about the frequency or probability of a given item
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| bilingual | able to use two language about equally well
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| Broca's aphasia | a condition characterized by inarticulate speech and by difficulties with both using and understanding grammatical devices-prepositions, conjunctions, word endings, complex sentence structures, and so forth
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| change blindness | the tendency to fail to detect changes in any part of a scene to which we are not focusing our attention
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| cognition | the processes of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge
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| confirmation bias | the tendency to accept one hypothesis and then look for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities
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| critical thinking | the careful evaluation of evidence for and against any conclusion
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| fixation | a period when teh eyes are steady
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| framing effect | the tendency to answer a question differently when it is framed (phrased) differently
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| functional fixedness | the tendency to adhere to a single approach to a problem or a single way of using an item
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| heuristics | strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation
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| language acquisition device | a built-in mechanism for acquiring language
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| morpheme | a unit of meaning
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| overconfidence | the belief that one's opinions or predicitons are highly correct when in fact they are not
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| phoneme | a unit of sound
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| preattentive process | a procedure for extracting information automatically and simultaneously across a large portion of the visual field
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| productivity | the ability to express new ideas
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| prototype | a familiar or typical example of a category
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| representativeness heuristic | the tendency to assume that, if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself
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| saccade | a quick jump in the focus of the eyes from one point to another
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| spreading activation | the process by which the activation of one concept also activates or primes other concepts that are linked to it
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| Stroop effect | the tendency to read a word, especially if it is a color name, in spite of instructions to disregard the word and state the color of the ink in which it is printed
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| sunk cost effect | the willingness to do something we wouldn't choose to do otherwise because of money or effort already spent
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| transformational grammar | a system for converting a deep structure of a language into a surface structure
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| Wernicke's aphasia | a condition marked by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language
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| Williams syndrome | a genetic condition characterized by metnal retardation in most regards but skillful use of language
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| word-superiority effect | identifying a letter with greater ease when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself
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