CT Farmer Test 4 Word Scramble
|
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Question | Answer |
| Hormone | Produced by endocrine cells; Chemical messenger produced by 1 cell type which affects function of another cell (target cell); Target cells must have receptor specific for hormone; Secreted directly into blood or lymph |
| Endocrine Tissues | Frequently works in associate with NS; Isolated cells-enteroendocrine cells; Mass of endocrine cells embedded in exocrine glands-islets of Langerhans; Endocrine organs |
| Pituitary Gland | Hypophysis-Adenohypophysis (anterior) and Neurohypophysis (Posterior) |
| Adenohypophysis | Pars Distalis; Pars Intermedia; Pars Tuberalis |
| Pars Intermedia | MSH-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone |
| Neurohypophysis | Pars Nervosa; Infundibulum |
| Adenohypophyseal/Neurohypophyseal Origins | Adenohypophysis-Rathke's Pouch, Oral Ectoderm, Loses attachment with oral cavity; Neurohypophysis-Neuro Ectoderm, Outgrowth from floor of diencephalon, Remains attached to brain via infudibulum |
| Adenohypophysis | Pars Distalis - 75% of pituitary; Chromophobes; Chromophils; Secretion regulated by hypothalamic releasing hormones |
| Chromophobes | Probably undifferentiated cells |
| Chromophils | Acidophils-Somatotropes-secrete hGH (somatotropin), affects epiphyseal plates, Mammotropes-secrete prolactin, stims milk secretion; Basophils-Thyrotropes-TSH-causes thyroid hormone secretion, Gonadotropes-FSH and LH |
| FSH | Female-ovarian follicle development; Males-SErtoli cell to secrete androgen binding protein |
| LH | Females-Maturation of follicle and maintains corpus luteum; Males-called ICSH-Leydig cells secrete testosterone |
| Corticotropes | Secrete ACTH-promotes growth of adrenal cortex and secretion of glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids |
| Pars Nervosa | hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract; axons of neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei; Herring bodies-distal tips of axons; Oxytocin-paraventricular nucleus, stims smooth m. contraction of uterus and myoepithelial cells of mammary glands |
| Pars Nervosa continued | Vasopressin (ADH)-supraoptic nucleus-acts on DCTs of kidney making more permeable to H2O, generates hypertonic urine; Pituicytes-glial-like cells found in pars nervosa |
| Hypophyseal Blood Supply | Inferior hypophyseal aa. to neurohypophysis; Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system-delivers hypothalamic regulating hormones to adenohypophysis, sup. hypophyseal aa. form primary capillary plexus around stalk and median eminence of hypothalamus |
| Hypophyseal Blood Supply continued | Secondary capillary plexus in adenohypophysis |
| Thyroid Gland | 2 lobes, isthmus, CT capsule, Follicles, Parafollicular cells, Hormones |
| Follicles | Structural and functional units of gland; Follicular cells-simple cuboidal; Colloid-precursor to T4(thyroxine) and T3(triiodothyronine), thyroglobulin; Only endocrine gland to store secretions (extracellularly); Regulated by TSH |
| Parafollicular Cells | Produce calcitonin; Regulated by blood Calcium levels |
| Hormones of Thyroid | Follicular hormones T3 and T4 stimulate metabolic rate; Calcitonin-lowers blood Calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption |
| Parathyroid Glands | 2 pair-embedded on posterior of thyroid; Cords of chief cells (increase blood calcium by increasing # and activity of osteoclasts and decrease Phosphate by decreasing resorption in kidney tubules, promoting excretion) and oxyphil cells (unknown function) |
| Adrenal Glands | Paired glands superior to kidney-suprarenal glands; 2 glands in one (cortex and medulla); Adrenal cortex; Adrenal Medulla; Blood supply |
| Adrenal Cortex | From mesoderm; Synthesizes and secretes hormones only on demand; 3 layers; Zona glomerulosa-15%; Zona fasciculata-78%; Zona Reticularis-7% |
| Zona Glomerulosa | 15% of cortex; Secretes mineral corticoids-aldosterone; Maintains electrolyte and H2O balance; Regulated by renin-angiotensin system; Unaffected by ACTH |
| Zona Fasciculata | 78% of cortex; SEcretes glucocorticoids-cortisol; Preps body for max immediate energy demand, part of fight/flight stress response; Depresses immune function and inflamm. response; Regulated by ACTH |
| Zona Reticularis | 7% of cortex; |
| Pineal Gland | Epiphysis cerebri or pineal body; Pinealocytes make melatonin-involved in diurnal rhythms, innervated by ANS neurons; Brain sand-crystallinized Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate |
| Cell to cell Interactions and communication | 2 types-NS-hard wiring b/t body parts (rapid, short-lived); Endocrine-hormones-diffuse, widespread (slower, more diverse, longer-lasting) |
| Hormones | Messengers to cells; Bind to specific receptors to exert effect on target cell; Act at surface (plasma membrane) or inside (nucleus); Amplify response to small # of signaling molecules |
| Structural Classification of Hormones | Amino acid derivatives-Epi; Peptide-ADH; Protein-Insulin; Lipid-based-Steroids formed from cholesterol |
| Functional Classifications of Hormones | Growth; Rates of metabolic processes; Concentration; Stress Response |
| Distance of Effect | Endocrines-travel through blood from site of synthesis to target cell, may be distant from each other; Paracrines-relatively local, produced close to site of action, many active in inflamm. response, prostaglandins and histamine |
| Receptor Requirement for Hormone-Target Interactions | Specific interaction similar to enzyme-substrate interaction; Binding of ligand (hormone) causes changes in receptor |
| Site of hormone interaction | Steroids-Cytoplasmic or nucleic receptor, acts on nucleus, acts as gene activator-binds to enhancer region of target genes; Other Hormones-can't enter cell, bind to plasma membrane recep, signal transduction-ligand/recep complex activates 2nd messengers |
| G Protein linked membrane receptors | Binding of ligand activates G-protein |
| G-protein Structure | Alpha, beta, and gamma subunits; Alpha subunit binds GDP or GTP; Binding GTP releases Alpha from Beta-Gamma complex; Alpha-GTP can initiate signal transduction; Can act via cAMP or IP3/DAG 2nd messenger pathway |
| Tyrosine kinase receptors | Tyrosine kinase; Phosphorylates tyrosine residues; Activated by growth factors; Bound receptors aggregate in plasma membrane; Activates Kas (specific G-protein) or phospholipase C |
| Second Messengers | cAMP; IP3 and DAG; Calcium ions |
| cAMP | GTP-G-alpha activates adenylate cyclase which converts ATP to cAMP, which activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates cellular proteins-produce different effects in different cell types-phosphodiesterase degrades cAMP |
| IP3 (inositol triphosphate) and DAG (diacylglycerol) | G protein or tyrosine kinase activates phospholipase C, which converts inositol phospholipid to IP3 and DAG, then IP3 binds to Ca channel protein and releases CA++, which binds to calmodulin and activates cell processes, |
| IP3 and DAG continued | The DAG activates protein kinase C, which phosphorylates cell proteins |
| Calcium ions | Elevated calcium binds to calmodulin; Calcium-calmodulin complex binds to kinase or phosphatase |
| Glycogen breakdown as an example of signal transduction in liver | Ligand-epi; Receptor-beta-adrenergic recep linked to G-protein; 2nd messenger-cAMP activates prot kinase A, causing cascade of phosphorylation events that ultimately activate enzymes that cleaves glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate; loss of cAMP inactivates |
| Glycogen breakdown continued | Protein kinase A and allows phosphatases to dephosphorylate enzymes, thus shutting down process |
| Urinary system function and components | Filter metabolic wastes from blood; Maintain acid/base balance; Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance; Hormone production; Pair kidneys; Pair ureters; Bladder; Urethra |
| Kidney Structure | Hilus-blood vessels, lymphatics, nn. enter and exit, renal pelvis, major/minor calyces collect urine; Cortex-renal corpuscles; Medulla-pyramids of tubules separated by cortical columns (of Bertin); Medullary Rays-columns of tubules extending to cortex |
| Kidney Structure continued | Renal Lobe-medullary pyramid and overlying cortex; Renal lobule |
| Kidney blood supply | Renal aa, interlobar aa, arcuate aa (corticomedullary junction), interlobular aa (in cortex), afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillary plexus (surrounds tubules, vasa recta-juxtamedullary nephrons), interlobular vv, |
| Kidney blood supply continued | Arcuate vv, interlobar vv, renal vv |
| Nephron | Functional unit of kidney, renal corpuscle, PCT, loop of Henle-descending stratight portion of PCT, thin limb, ascending straight portion of DCT, DCT |
| Renal corpuscle | Glomerulus-capillary tuft; Bowman's capsule-encloses urinary space; Podocytes-visceral layer of BC-pedicels, filtration slits; mesangial cells-support cap wall and basement memb, act as phagocytes |
| Renal corpuscle filtration barrier | Endothelium of glomerular capillaries, fused basal lamina, pedicels |
| PCT | Longer than DCT; Convoluted and straight portions; Simple cuboidal with brush border; Absorbs 85% of NaCl and H2O, glucose, amino acids, and small proteins; Secretes creatinine |
| Loop of Henle | Allows production of hypertonic urine; Descending limb permeable to H2O; Ascending limb impermeable to H2O; Thick ascending limb actively transports NaCl of tubule |
| DCT | Simple cuboidal, NO brush border; Smaller cells than PCT; Macula densa-part of Juxtoglomerular apparatus; Secretes H and ammonium ions to maintain acid/base balance; responds to aldosterone by resorbing Na and secreting K |
| Collecting tubules and ducts | Cuboidal epithelium with distinct lateral borders; Vasopressin (ADH) increase permeability to H2O allowing it to return to blood; Delivers urine to renal pelvis |
| Juxtaglomerular Apparatus | Afferent arteriole-juxtaglomerular cells, modified smooth m cells, secrete renin; DCT-macula densa-narrow columnar, detect Na concentration of filtrate; Extraglomerular mesangial cells; Renin-angiotensin system |
| Renin-angiotensin system | Macula densa monitors ion concentration and communicates with JG cells; JG cells release renin; Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I(inactive) |
| Seminiferous Tubules | Spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids); Sertoli cells |
| Spermatogonia | Type A-stem cells; Type B-differentiate into primary spermatocytes |
| Spermatocytes | Divide by meiosis into spermatids |
| Spermatids | Undergo spermiogenesis to form mature spermatozoa released into lumen of tubule |
| Sertoli Cells | Rest on basal lamina; Extend width of tubule; join to form blood-testis barrier, creating basal compartment for spermatogonia and adluminal compartment for gamete development; Secretes androgen binding protein-increases local concentration of testosterone |
| Inhibin | turns off FSH release |
| MIS | During embryogenesis |
| Interstitial Tissue | Loose CT; Leydig cells-steroid-secreting, stim by LH to secrete testosterone |
| Testicular Ducts | Tubuli recti; Rete testis |
| Genital Ducts | Efferent Ductules-10 to 20, conn rete testis to epididymis, alternating ciliated/non-ciliated cells move sperm to epididymis; Epididymis-single tube, PCCE with stereocilia; Vas deferens-thick, m. wall, joins with ducts from sem. vesicles to make |
| Genital Ducts continued | ejaculatory duct, empties into prostatic urethra |
| Seminal Vesicles | Paired glands, pseudostratified columnar, secretions-high in fructose-source of energy for sperm |
| Prostate | Single midline structure containing 30 to 50 glands; Empties into prostatic urethra; Prostatic concretions increase with age; Secretion rich in lipids, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase |
| Bulbourethral Glands | AKA Cowper's glands; paired glands; empty into membranous urethra; secrete mucus |
| Penis | Urethra; Erectile tissue-paired corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra |
| Female reproductive system functions | Produce female gamete; provide environment for development of embryo and fetus |
| Female reproductive system components | Paired ovaries, paired oviducts (uterine tubes, Fallopian tubes); Uterus; Vagina |
| Ovary Structure | Germinal epi-simple cuboidal covers ovary; Tunica Albuginea-poorly defined dense CT layer deep to germinal epi; Cortex-loose CT containing follicles |
| Primordial Follicles | All follicles from birth to puberty; Primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of flattened follicular cells |
| Primary Follicle | Activated by FSH; Single layer of cuboidal follicular cells |
| Growing Follicle | Zona pellucida produced by oocyte and follicular cells; inner layer of follicular cells in contact with oocyte via gap junctions; Theca folliculi-modified stroma surrounding follicle-Theca Interna-inner, vascular; Theca Externa-Outer, fibrous |
| Antral Follicle | Accumulation of liquor folliculi; Fluid secreted by follicular cells; Cumulus oophorus-hillock of follicular cells associated with oocyte |
| Graafian Follicle | Secondary oocyte; Corona radiata-layer of follicular cells in contact with oocyte cross zona pellucida; Most mature follicle |
| Atretic Follicle | Follicle and oocyte that die without completing development; May occure at any stage of follicular development |
| Corpus Luteum | From follicular/thecal cells remaining after ovulation; temporary endocrine gland; granulosa lutein (lutein cells) from follicular cells; Theca lutein (paralutein cells) from theca interna |
| Corpus Luteum continued | Persists about 10 days then regresses and forms corpus albicans; If pregnant, persists 5mos, maintained by HCG from placenta, progesterone, relaxin-decreases contractions, softens pubic symphysis |
| Fallopian tube function | Receive oocyte; provide environment for fertilization and initial development; transport conceptus to uterus |
| Fallopian tube regions | Infundibulum; Ampulla-2/3 of tube length; Isthmus-Medial 1/3; Intramural segment extends through wall of uterus |
| Fallopian tube layers | Mucosa-longitudinal folds, simple columnar-ciliated-beat to uterus, secretory (non-ciliated)-fluid to protect ovum and promote sperm capacitation; Muscularis-inner circ, outer long, move ovum to uterus; Serosa-loose CT covered w/ mesothelium |
| Uterine structure and Layers | Structure-body, cervix; Layers-endometrium-mucosa, myometrium-muscularis (thickest, hyperplastic and hypertrophic in pregnancy), perimetrium-serosa |
| Endometrium | Simple columnar with simple tubular glands; Stratum basale-constant, source of cells for regeneration; Stratum functionalis-undergoes changes during uterine cycle |
| Stages of uterine cycle | Menstrual; Proliferative; Secretory |
| Menstrual Phase | Days 1 to 4, sloughing of stratum functionalis, cause by rapid decrease in estrogen and progesterone |
| Proliferative Phase | Days 5 to 14, regeneration of glands and epithelium from stratum basale, regeneration of blood vessels (spiral aa.) |
| Secretory Phase | Days 15 to 28, controlled by presence of progesterone, glands become highly coiled and secrete glycoproteins for nutrition upon implantation, endometrium at max thickness |
Created by:
lkeith
Popular Chiropractic sets