USMLE Word Scramble
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| Question | Answer |
| What does terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase do? | Addition of nucleotides to DNA during "genetic recombination" in B cells |
| What does Tdt stand for? | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase |
| Which immunoglobulins are expressed on the surface of mature B cells? | IgM and IgD |
| What is isotype switching? | Differentiation of B cells into plasma cells that secrete IgG, IgA, or IgE |
| What stimulates isotype switching? | Cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and CD40-Ligand on T-cells |
| Main antibody isotype in secondary immune response | IgG |
| Most abundant antibody isotype | IgG |
| Antibody isotypes which cross placenta | IgG |
| Antibody isotypes which fix complement | IgG and IgM in the classic complement pathway Mnemonic: GM makes classic cars |
| Antibody isotypes which opsonize bacteria | IgG (and IgA weakly) |
| Main antibody isotype in primary immune response | IgM |
| Antibody isotypes associated with the J chain | IgM and IgA |
| Antibody isotypes associated with the SP | IgA SP = Secretory Protein |
| Antibody isotype with longest half life | IgG (26 days compared with 5 for IgM, the next longest) |
| Antibody isotype which prevents bacterial/viral attachment to mucous membranes | IgA |
| Antibody isotype found in secretions | IgA |
| Antibody isotype which mediates type I hypersensitivity | IgE |
| How does IgE cause an allergic response? | Type I hypersensitivity 1. IgE binds to basophils or mast cells 2. IgE binds antigen 3. These cells release histamine and leukotrienes. |
| Which cells have receptors for IgE? | 1. mast cells 2. basophils 3. eosinophils 4. monocytes/macrophages 5. platelets |
| Antibody isotype which mediates immunity to worms | IgE |
| Least abundant antibody isotype | IgE |
| Define allotype | An individual's allele coding for the constant portions of the antibody's heavy chains. |
| Define isotype | Specific type of chain in an antibody. Heavy isotypes: alpha, gamma, delta, epsilon, mu Light isotypes: kappa, lambda |
| Define idiotype | antibodies of one idiotype share structure of their variable region and thus, antigen binding specificity. |
| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 3 | Supports the growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells (similar to GM-CSF). Most important during early growth. Mnemonic for first 5 interleukins: Hot T-bone stEAk. bone, as in bone development |
| What releases: Interleukin 3 | T cells (emphasis on activated T cells) and thymic epithelial cells |
| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 6 | 1. Differentiation and growth of B cells and T cells 2. Systemic effects (Acute Phase Response and Fever) 3. Stimulates Ig production |
| What releases: Interleukin 4 | Th2 cells |
| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 8 | 1. Major neutrophil chemotactic and adhesion factor 2. Angiogenesis 3. High levels associated with schizophrenia |
| What releases: Interleukin 8 | 1. Monocytes 2. Endothelial cells 3. Fibroblasts |
| Cytokine effects: Interleukin 12 | 1. Promotes differentiation of Th cells into Th1 2. Activates NK cells |
| What releases: Interleukin 12 | Professional Antigen Presenting Cells: 1. Dendritic cells 2. Macrophages 3. B cells |
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Asclepius
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