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Rise of big Business Word Search Puzzle

Term	Description
Laissez-Faire	this was a philosophy created in 1776 by Adam smith that advocated minimal government regulations of business.
Adam Smith	smith was the father of modern economics. He was against mercantilism and,in his book, the wealth of Nations, Smith advocated a laissez-faire policy of leaving business alone.
Robber Barons	this is a nickname for entrepreneurs who monopolized industries and overcharges the consumer. They included J. Pierpont Morgan, Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller, big bussiness tycoons.
Horizontal consolidation	a way to control some business by monopolizing one necessary of the biusiness
Vertical consolidation	the process of monopolizing the whole business by controlling all of the parts from the raw materials to the finished product.
stock watering	it refers to the practice of inflating claims about the assets and profiability of a company to increase the prices of its stocks and bonds
pools	in a pool,competitors of a cretain product agree to raise prices collectivly so they can receive huge profits
holding companies	they were formed in response to the Sherman Antitrust Act. They consisted of one company owning the majorty of stock in a large number of companies.
Trusts	In a trust, the board of directors in one company controls the competing company by being on the other company's (BoD), thus get rid of competition. To do this, a big company owns much stock in its rivals and is able to pick and influence them
Interlocking Directorates	A company places people into positions of power, and influences the competing company through these people. One of the most prominent interlocking directorates was J.P. Morgans.
Long and Short haul, rebates	Corruption of the railroads was so bad that companies often charged a higher rate for a shorter haul then for a long haul. They also gave rebates or favors to big companies such as Carnige steel
Bessemer Process	process of strengthining iron by forming steel. It rid the iron of all impurities (slag) and carbonized the iron into steel
Mesabi Range	located in the lake superior-Minnesota region, the Mesabi Range produced much of the iron ore in America
Henry C. Frick	He was the first to make a million dollars by selling coke( a coal residue)
George Westinghouse	He was the inventor of the automatic air brake in 1872. It was a break that would activate all the brakes in the train at once.
Thomas A. Edison	Probably the most versatile inventor in American history, Edison received thousands of patents for his inventions. Some of his most famous inventions ate the Phonofraph and the incandescent light bulb.
Alexander G. Bell	Bell, a teacher of the deaf invented the telephone.
Big Four	They were four multimillionaires who monopolized the railroads in California. They were Leland Stanford, Colis Huntington, Charles Crocker , and Mark Hopkins, Railroad tycoons.
Union and Central Pacific	these were two of the many railroads owned by the big four of California. They were operated by grenville Dodge and were later sold to the big four.
James G. Hill, Great northern Railroad	Hill was the only railroad builder who built a railroad without government subsidies . Called the Great National Railroad
Cornelius Vanderbilt, New York Central	Vanderbilt was the most prominest multimillionaire in the east, He controlled most of the Eastern railroads and the name of his railroad was the New York Central
John D, Rockefeller, Standard Oil	He started out with a refinery in Pittsburgh and turned it into an oil company with a monoply onf 90% of Americans oil. He practiced Horizontal consolidation by only controling the refinerys.
Andrew Carnegie	a multimillionaire who controlled a 25% of the steel industry with his company. Carnigie Steel.
J. Pierpont Morgan	As the most influential and powerful banker in America J.P. Morgan was the symbor of power and arrogance for financial capitalism. He was on many boards directors because he could provide loans that the companies needed
Morgan Bond Transaction	J.P. Morgan and August Belmont agreed to lend the government $62 million in exchange for a special discount on U.S. bonds with the money the U.S. government restored its gold supply while morgan and belmont made a large profit selling bonds to the public
Gustavus Swift, Philip Armour	these two controlled the monoply of meat packing. With the improvements of railroads, the inventions of the tin can, and the refrigerated box car , Swift and Armour became top names in meat packing.
James Duke, American Tobacco	Named after president james buchanon, James B. Duke controlled 93% of the tobacco business. This percentage was the most comprehensive monoply in America.
Jay Cooke	Cooke was an extremely rich financial genius of the Civil War. He owned a new york banking firm called Jay Cooke and company. Its failure in 1873 helped begin a depression
Elbert Gary, U.S. Steel	1901 When Carnegie Steel sold out its interists to a group of financers headed by Elbert Gary and J.P. Morgan, they formed U.S. steel. Gary later bought the company from Morgan
Windom Committee 1874	A senate committee, the wimdom committee reccomended that the U.S. government build railroads to compete with private lines and thus force private lines to keep their rates down
cullow Committee 1886	A senate committee, this committee disclosed that railroads were guilty of pooling tatics and reccomended immediate federal government regulationsof the railroads.
Interstate commerce Act 1887	it stated that trusts or monoplies were illigal. It created the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce the measure and required railroads to post their rates pubicaly. It also prohibited rate discrimination.