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Cell/Chem/H2O/Blood Word Search Puzzle

Question	Answer
Respiratory Acidosis is caused by	Over-anesthesia, Lung diseases, Damage to respiratory center
Metabolic Acidosis is caused by	Severe diarrhea, Diabetes mellitus, high intesity exercise, kidney failure
Effects of Acidosis on Body	Disorientation, Coma, Death, Lower pH limit of 6.8-7.0
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by	Fever, Aspirin poisoning, high altitude
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by	Vomiting, excessive sodium bicarbonate ingestion
Effects of alkalosis on body	overexcitability of nervous system, tetany, death, upper limit of pH 7.8-8.0
Liters of water in body	40 liters
Percent of body weight from water	50-60%
% of body weight from ICF	35-40%
% of body weight from ECF	10-20%
% of body weight from Interstitial fluid	10-15%
% of body weight from Plasma	4-5%
Causes of Dehydration/Hypovolemia	vomiting, diarrhea, loss of blodd, drainage from burns, lack of ADH due to diabetes insipidus
Symptoms of Dehydration/Hypovolemia	Loss of weight, rise in body temperature, increased heart rate and cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased urine
Causes of hypervolemia	excessive IV administration, psychotic drinking, renal failure leading to decreased urinary output
Symptoms of hypervolemia	decreased body temp., increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain, vomiting, convulsions, coma
ADH	antidiuretic hormone regulates water loss
What regulates ADH and oxytosin?	Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Maltose	glucose+glucose
Sucrose	glucose+fructose
Lactose	glucose+galactose
Lipid structure	three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
butyric structure	CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
palmitic structure	CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
Stearic structure	CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
Oleic	one double bond
Linoleic	two double bonds
Linolenic	three double bonds
# of cells in body	75-100 trillion
# of types of cells	200-250
tissue types	epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
normal pH	7.4
normal glucose	80-100 mg/100ml
Feedback systems' three parts	monitoring receptor, control center, reactor
% of plasma membrane from protein	55%
% of plasma membrane from carbohydrate	2%
% of plasma membrane from lipid	43%
space between two walls of nuclear membrane	perinuclear cisterna
Rough ER synthesized proteins destination	outside of cell
destination of free ribosome synthesized proteins	within cell
Vitamin A intoxication	cause lysosomes to rupture, destroying intracellular material
Rheumatoid arthritis	Lysosomes release enzymes into joint capsule and digest surrounding tissue
Atrophy of the uterus	lysosome digestive activity
Erythrocytes	red blood cells
Leukocytes	white blood cells
Thrombocytes	platelets
% of whole blood from plasma	53-60%
% of whole blood from formed elements	40-47%
plasma is made up of	water 90%, proteins 7%, electrolytes urea glucose etc. 3%
hematocrit is made up of	erythrocytes 4.5-5.5 million/mm^3, leukocytes 6-10 thousand/mm^3, patelets 150-400 thousand/mm^3
leukocytes are made up of	Neutrophils 60-70%, Eosinophils 2-4%, Basophils .15%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%
serum	plasma minus the coagulation factors
Albumin	functions in osmotic pressure regulation
Globulins	Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
Alpha and Beta globulin	carrier vehicles to prevent substances in blood (e.g. hormones) from leaving the capillary too rapidly
Gamma Globulin	Natural and acquired immunity – Antibodies
Origin of Albumin and the alpha and beta globulins	formed in the liver
Origin of Gamma globulins	formed in the lymphoid tissues of the reticulo-endothelial system (found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes)
Erythrocyte Characteristics	no nucleus, can’t multiply, biconcave discs, no nucleus or e.r., no protein synthesis
Erythrocyte function	transport hemoglobin (oxygen) and CO2
What increases erythrocytes?	Altitude, muscular exercise, temperature, age (higher in infants)
Erythropoiesis	production of red blood cells
Hematopoiesis	production of all blood cells
location of early embryo rbc synthesis	yolk sac
location of middle pregnancy rbc synthesis	liver, spleen, bone marrow
location of adult rbc synthesis	vertebrae, ribs, sternum
pathway for erythropoiesis	stem cell, proeryrthroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, erythroblast, normoblast (nucleus lost), reticulocyte, mature RBC
Life span of RBC	120 days
# of RBC destroyed per sec and per day	2.5 million, 216 billion
# of molecules of Hb/RBC	200 million
hemoglobin structure	protein globin and four hemes
structure of heme	porphyrin with Fe++ in middle
% of RBC is made of Hb	34%
grams of Hb in 100 ml of blood	15g
ml of oxygen that combines with each gram of Hb	1.34ml
ml of O2 for 100ml of blood	20ml
oxyhemoglobin	hemoglobin when saturated with 02
carbamino hemoglobin	CO2 with Hb
carboxy hemoglobin	CO with Hb
biliverdin	porphyrin with the ring broken
bilirubin	biliverdin is converted to bilirubin to be excreted
jaundice	accumulation of bilirubin (caused by liver disease, excess red cell destruction, bile duct obstruction
anemia	decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
symptoms of anemia	pale skin, fatigue, rapid heart rate
types of anemia	hemorrhagic, aplastic, nutritional, pernicious, hemolytic, folic acid deficiency
hemorrhagic anemia	blood loss
aplastic anemia	bone marrow destruction-cancer, too many x-rays, chemicals, drugs
Nutritional anemia	not enough iron
folic acid deficiency anemia	impairs normal mitosis
pernicious anemia	vit B12 deficiency which is required for bone marrow maturation; parietal cells in stomach make instrinsic factor necessary for vit B12 absorption
Hemolytic anemia	RBC destruction (sickel cell, erythroblastosis fetalis, lead/arsenic poisoning)
polycythemia	too many RBC
secondary polycythemia	elavation; no RBC pathology
primary polycythemia (erythremia)	tumor of bone marrow-sluggish blood
# of leukocytes	6-12,000/mm^3 (production rate is equal to or greater than that of RBC's)
lifespan of leukocytes	4 days to months
location of leukocytes	most found outside circulation
two types of leukocytes	granulocytes, agronulocytes
types of granulocytes	neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils
types of agranulocytes	lymphocytes, monocytes
% of each leukocyte making up all leukocytes	neutrophils 65-70, lymphocytes 20-24, monocytes 5, eosinophils 1-2, basophils 0-.5
production sites of leukocytes	embryo-bone marrow, liver, spleen; adult-granulocytes-bone marrow, agranulocytes-lymphoid tissues
diapedesis	ability to squeeze through capillary walls (leukocyte ability)
chemotaxis	substance released from infected area to attract leukocytes
fxn of neutrophils	acute conditions; phagocytosis and NET fibers
fxn of eosinophils	allergic conditions
fxn of basophils	secrete anticoagulant heparin and histamine which are important in allergic rxns
fxn of lymphocytes	immune response
fxn of B-lymphocytes	produce antibodies
fxn of T-lymphocytes	destroy specific target cells
fxn of monocytes	chronic conditions; phagocytosics; macrophages which live for months or years
leukemia	too many leukocytes which are immature and useless; not enough RBC's and platelets
leukopenia	not enough WBC's' caused by radiation, drugs, chemicals
# of Thrombocytes	platelets- 150-350,000/mm^3
formation of thrombocytes	bone marrow form megakaryocyte cells where pieces of the cytoplasm chip off and are platelets
thrombopoietin	thrombocyte production stimulant
life span of thrombocyte	8 days to many months
fxn of thrombocytes	clotting; platelet plug
platelet chemicals which stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets sticky	ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2
platelet chemicals stimualting contraction	myosin and actin
PGI2-prostacyclin	inhibitor of platelet aggregation
nitric oxide	inhibitor of platelet aggregation
Thrombocytopenia	abnormally low # of platelets; exessive bleeding
thrombocytopenia purpura	purple spots on skin from poor blood clotting
pathway for blood clot	prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin which activates fibrinogen into a lose and then tight fibrin clot; Ca++ is needed to clot
syneresis	clot retraction
clotting factors 1-11	1.fibrinogen 2.prothrombin 3.tissue thromboplastin 4.calcium 5.accelerator globulin 6.none 7.serum prothrombin conversion accelerator 8.antihemophilic globulin (on X chromosome) 9.Christmas factor 10.stuart-power factor 11.plasma thromboplastin antecedent
clotting factors 12-13	12.Contact factor (initiates the overall rxn) 13.Fibrin stabilizing factor
Anticoagulants	Dicoumarol (Coumadin), Heparin, Citrates, Oxalates, EDTA, smooth inside surface of blood vessel
Dicoumarol (Coumadin)	interferes with vit K and thus factors 7,9,10
heparin	interferes with thrombin and prothrombin formation (from basophils)
citrates, oxalates, edta	tie up calcium to stop clotting
edta	oj simpson
fibrinolysis	lysis of clots; plasminogen makes plasmin which degrades fibrin
conditions that cuase excessive bleeding in humans	liver disease (decreased clotting factors), vit K deficiency (decreased formation of prothrombin), hemophilia (lack of factor 8 or 9 or any other), thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)
Thrombocytopenia	decreased platelets (less than 50,000)
Thrombus	clot attacched to blood vessel wall
embolus	clot that detaches from the wall and floats freely
external defense against disease	skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract
two types of immunity	non-specific and specific
non-specific immunity	inflammation, interferon, fever, natural killer cells, complement system
specific immunity	responds selectively to invaders (antigens) with antibodies which is an immune reaction
two types of specific immune responses	humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity	B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph
cell-mediated immunity	T-lymphocytes attack host cells that are infected
autoimmunity	formation of antibodies against a person's own tissues
examples of autoimmunity	rheumatic fever, grave's disease
rheumatic fever	antibodies produced against streptococcus bacteria cross react with the heart and kidney tissues
grave's disease	antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland- mimic TSH
when are blood antibodies formed (ABO)	2-8 months after birth; max levels at 8-10 years
agglutinins	clumping of blood cells from a transfusion reaction
how many Rh blood types are there	6 C,D,E,c,d,e
% of people who are Rh+	85%
erythroblastosis fetalis	hemolytic anemia in the newborn Rh positive baby caused by meternal antibodies against the Rh factor that hvae crossed the placenta
Rhogam	antibodies against the Rh factor