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A&P Chapter 1
Anatomy and Physiology - (Chapter 1) The Human Body: An Orientation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another |
| Gross Anatomy | is observed when we are studying large, easily observable structures |
| Microscopic Anatomy | the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye |
| Physiology | the study of how the body and its parts work or function |
| Neurophysiology | explains the workings of the nervous system |
| Cardiac Physiology | studies the function of the heart |
| Chemical Level | simplest level of the structural ladder |
| Cellular Level | simplest unit of life, made of molecules |
| Tissue Level | consists of similar types of cells |
| Organ Level | complex functions become possible, made of different types of tissues |
| Organ System Level | different organs work closely together |
| Organismal Level | sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive |
| Atoms | tiny building blocks of matter |
| Cells | smallest units of all living things |
| Tissues | consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function (4 types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural) |
| Organ | structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body |
| Organ System | group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose |
| Organism | represents the highest level of structural organization |
| Integumentary System | external covering of the body, the skin waterproofs, cushions, protects from injury, excretes salts, helps regulate body temp |
| Skeletal System | consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints supports body, provides framework for skeletal muscles, also provides protection, bones act as mineral storehouse |
| Hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells, takes place within the cavities of the skeleton |
| Skeletal Muscles | allow movement and mobility of body |
| Muscular System | formed by skeletal muscles |
| Nervous System | the body's fast-acting control system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors |
| Endocrine System | controls body activities but acts much more slowly glands produce hormones and release them into the blood to travel to relatively distant organs; glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, and testes |
| Hormones | chemical molecules |
| Cardiovascular System | primary organs are heart and blood vessels, carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges are made; blood is the transporting fluid |
| Lymphatic System | complements the cardiovascular system, organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the the spleen and tonsils returns leaked fluid from blood back to blood vessels |
| Respiratory System | keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trace, bronchi, lungs |
| Digestive System | basically a tube running from the mouth to the anus, organs include the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs they break down food and deliver products to the blood for bodily dispersal |
| Urinary System (aka Excretory System) | removes nitrogen-containing wastes from the body and flushes them from the body in urine, also maintains the body water and salt balance as well as regulates the acid-base balance of blood composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Reproductive System | exists to produce offspring male: testes, scrotum, penis,accessory glands, and duct system female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina |
| Movement | includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another and manipulating the external environment with our fingers |
| Digestion | the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood |
| Responsiveness/Irritability | ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react to them |
| Metabolism | broad term that refers to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells |
| Excretion | process of removing excreta (wastes) from the body |
| Reproduction | the production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level |
| Growth | an increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells |
| Survival Needs | factors that are necessary for life (nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate temperature, and atmospheric pressure) |
| Nutrients | taken in through food, contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building |
| Oxygen | needed for chemical reactions that release the energy from food |
| Normal Body Temperature | needed to be constant for chemical reactions to continue, below 98 degrees fahrenheit metabolic reactions become slower and slower before finally stopping |
| Atmospheric Pressure | force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air, breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide are dependent on this |
| Homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing |
| Receptor | some type of sensor that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, sends info to the control center along the afferent pathway |
| Control Center | determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the info it receives and then determines the appropriate response of course of action |
| Effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus; info flows from the control center to the effector through the efferent pathway |
| Negative Feedback | most homeostatic control mechanisms, the net effect of the response to the stimulus it to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity |
| Positive Feedback | rare in the body, they tend to increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and to push the variable farther from its original value |
| Homeostatic Imbalance | disease that is regarded as a result of a disturbance in homeostasis |
| Superior (cranial or cephalad) | toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above |
| Inferior (caudal) | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |
| Ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |
| Dorsal (posterior) | toward or at the backside; behind |
| Medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |
| Lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |
| Intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
| Proximal | close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
| Superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface |
| Deep (internal) | away from the body surface; more internal |
| Abdominal | the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs |
| Antecubital | the anterior surface of the elbow |
| Axillary | the armpit |
| Brachial | the arm |
| Buccal | the cheek |
| Carpal | the wrist |
| Cervical | the neck region |
| Coxal | the hip |
| Deltoid | the roundness of the shoulder caused by the underlying deltoid muscle |
| Digital | the fingers or toes |
| Femoral | the thigh |
| Fibular | the side of the leg |
| Inguinal | the groin |
| Mammary | the breast |
| Manus | the hand |
| Nasal | the nose |
| Oral | the mouth |
| Orbital | the bony eye socket (orbit) |
| Patellar | the anterior knee (kneecap) region |
| Pelvic | the pelvis region |
| Pubic | the genital region |
| Sternal | the region of the breastbone |
| Thoracic | the chest |
| Tarsal | the ankle |
| Umbilical | the navel |
| Cephalic | the head |
| Gluteal | the buttocks or rump |
| Lumbar | the area of the back between the ribs and hips; the loin |
| Occipital | the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull |
| Popliteal | the back of the knee |
| Sacral | the area between the hips |
| Scapular | the scapula or shoulder blade area |
| Sural | the calf or posterior surface of the leg |
| Vertebral | the area of the spinal column |
| Anatomical Position | the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward |
| Directional Terms | allow medical personnel and anatomists to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another |
| Section | a cut that is made when preparing to look at internal structures of the body |
| Plane | an imaginary line that a section is made across |
| Sagittal Section | cut along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body; divides into left and right parts |
| Midsagittal Section | if the cut is down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size |
| Frontal Section (Coronal Section) | a cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| Transverse Section (Cross Section) | cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | has two subdivisions that are continuous with each other, the cranial and spinal cavity |
| Cranial Cavity | space inside the bony skull |
| Spinal Cavity | extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column |
| Ventral Body Cavity | larger than the dorsal body cavity, contains all structures within the chest and abdomen; is subdivided into the thoracic cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity, the abdominal cavity, the pelvic cavity |
| Thoracic Cavity | separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm; contains the lungs, heart, etc. which are protected by the rib cage |
| Diaphragm | dome shaped muscle inferior to the rib cage |
| Mediastinum | separates the lungs into left and right cavities in the thoracic cavity; houses the heart, trachea, and several other visceral organs |
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | cavity inferior to the diaphragm; can be divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavity |
| Abdominal Cavity | superior to the pelvic cavity; contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs |
| Pelvic Cavity | inferior to the abdominal cavity; houses the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
| Oral and Digestive Cavities | commonly called the mouth, contains teeth and tongue; part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the exterior at the anus |
| Nasal Cavity | located within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways |
| Orbital Cavities | house the eyes and present them in an anterior position |
| Middle Ear Cavities | lie medial to the eardrums, contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears |
| Umbilical Region | centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) |
| Epigastric Region | located superior to the umbilical region |
| Hypogastric (Pubic) Region | inferior to the umbilical region |
| Right/Left Iliac (Inguinal) Regions | are lateral to the hypogastric region |
| Right/Left Lumbar Regions | lie lateral to the umbilical region |
| Right/Left Hypochondriac Regions | flank the epigastric regions and contain the lower ribs |
Created by:
KeeganMattice
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