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Sociology
Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sociology as a discipline | making the familiar strange |
| The social imagination | The ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual's life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical facts |
| Social institutions | a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time; also defined in a narrow sense as any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it |
| Karl Marx (main theories of society) | theory of historical materialism, which identifies class conflict as the primary cause of social change; father of sociology; hated capitalism; focused on class |
| Max Weber | emphasis on subjectivity became a foundation of interpretive sociology; why people attach meanings to things |
| Verstehen | German for "understanding." Max Weber |
| Anomie | A sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonable expect life to be predictable; too little social recognition; normelessness |
| Structural functionalism | Theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures that exist to fulfill some set of necessary functions |
| Conflict Theory | The idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general |
| Feminist Theory | emphasis on conflict and political reform; how power relationships are defined, shaped, and reproduced on the basis of gender |
| Symbolic Interactionism | A micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivations behind people's actions |
| Social Constructionism | an entity that exists because people behave as if it exists and whose existence is perpetuated as people and social institutions act in accordance with the widely agreed upon formal rules or informal norms of behavior associated with that entity |
| Microsociology | a branch of sociology that seeks to understand local interactions contexts; its methods of choice are ethnographic, generally including participant observation and in-depth interviews |
| Macrosociology | a branch of sociology generally concerned with social dynamics at a higher level of analysis across the breadth of a society |
| Quantitative methods | methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form |
| Qualitative methods | methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form |
| Inductive approach to research | a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory |
| Deductive approach to research | a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory |
| Correlation | simultaneous variation in two variables |
| Causation | the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another |
| Operationalization | the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a tern being examined for use in a particular study |
| Conceptualization | refining and idea by giving it a very clear, explicit definition |
| Independent variable versus dependent variable | a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain |
| Validity | the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure |
| Reliability | the likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure |
| Generalizability | the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied |
| The white coat effect | effects the researchers have on the very processes and relationships they are studying by virtue of being there |
| Golden rules of social research | 1. do no harm 2. informed consent 3. voluntary participation 4. confidentiality |
| Culture (and its definitions) | a set of beliefs, traditions, and practices; the sun of the social categories and concepts we embrace in addition to beliefs, behaviors and practices; everything but the natural environment around us |
| Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism | the belief that one culture is or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one's own vs. taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value |
| Material versus non-material culture | everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology vs. values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms |
| Subculture versus counterculture | the distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns of a particular group in society; a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to the members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it form others within th |
| Values and Norms | moral beliefs and how values tell us to behave |
| Socialization | the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society |
| Hegemony | a condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses |
| the looking glass self | the self emerges from out ability to assume the point of view of others and thereby imagine how they see us |
| George Herbert Mead’s social self development | Learning the I the Me and the Other |
| Total institutions | one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the same place and under the same single authority |
| Statuses and roles | a recognizable social position that an individual occupies and the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status |
| Dramaturgical theory | the view of social life as essentially a theoretical performance |
| Social groups – dyad and triad | building blocks of interactions |
| The strength of weak ties | not what you know but who you know |
| Social capital | the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks |
| Social deviance | any transgression of socially established norms |
| Social cohesion | social bonds; how well people relate to each other and get along on a day to day basis |
| Mechanical and organic solidarity | social cohesion based on sameness vs social cohesion based on difference and interdependence of the parts |
| Formal and informal sanctions | mechanisms of social control by which rules or laws prohibit deviant criminal behavior vs. the usually unexpressed but widely known rules of group membership; the unspoken rules of social life |
| Strain theory | deviance occurs when a society does not give all of its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals- Robert Merton |
| Labeling theory | the belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self identity |
| Primary versus secondary deviance | the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of "deviant" and thus influence how people thank about and act toward you vs. subsequent acts of rule-breaking that occur after primary deviance and as a result of your new deviant label and people's e |
| Broken windows theory | theory explaining how social context and social cues impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically, whether local, informal social norms allow deviant acts |
| White collar crime | offense committed by a professional against a corporation, agency, or other institution |
| Recidivism | when an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts to criminal behavior |
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sbm4175
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