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Alfano's Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| independent variable | (X axis) what you as the experimenter have control over. it's what is changed. |
| dependent variable | (Y axis) what changes due to the independent variable |
| constant | something that does not change in the experiment |
| control | does not get the independent variable |
| hypothesis | an educated guess, written as a "if...then...because..." |
| mass | amount of matter, measured in g or mg with a balance |
| volume | measure of space taken up, measured in mL or cm3 depending on tool used (ruler, graduated cylinder) |
| length | measured in cm or mm with ruler |
| speed | rate of change of position, or how fast something is going |
| formula for speed | velocity=distance/time |
| acceleration | how speed changes over time, positive acceleration is speeding up, negative is slowing down, zero acceleration is constant speed |
| gravity | attraction between two objects (ex. earth and you) more mass=more gravity |
| friction | is a force that resists motion between two touching surfaces, slows down motion |
| air resistance | slows down objects with air |
| inertia | objects want to stay in motion or at rest, need a force to overcome inertia |
| force | a push or a pull, formula is Force equals Mass X Acceleration |
| balanced forces | equal forces are acting upon the same object and cancel each other out |
| unbalanced forces | cause motion of an object when two different forces are applied |
| Newton's 1st Law | an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by a force |
| Newton's 2nd Law | Force=Mass X Acceleration |
| Newton's 3rd Law | for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| momentum | mass X velocity, can increase, decrease and be transferred from one object to another |
| pressure | force per unit of area (air pressure is higher on Earth and decreases with altitude, water pressure is higher as you go deeper) |
| buoyant force | upward force of water |
| work | transfer of energy as a result of force and motion, for work to be done force and motion must be in the same direction. Carrying something work is not done! |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | energy in motion, moving |
| thermal energy | heat energy |
| thermal equilibrium | when 2 objects have the same temperature |
| conduction | transfer of heat by two objects in physical contact, wood is a poor conductor, but metal is a great conductor. |
| convection | heat carried by a moving liquid or gas, causes wind and ocean currents. Hot air goes up and cold air goes down. |
| radiation | heat traveling across a space, does not need to be touching, (ex: sunlight, candies) |
| Law of conservation and energy | energy can change from one form to another, and it can not be created or destroyed |
| conductor | something that allows heat to pass through it easily |
| physical change | a change that alters the form or appearance of a material, the material DOES NOT change into another substance |
| atom | the smallest part of an element |
| protons | are located in the nucleus of the atom, they have a positive charge, and have a mass of 1 |
| neutrons | are located in the nucleus of the atom, they have NO charge (neutral), and have a mass of 1 |
| electrons | are located on the outside of the nucleus of an atom, they have a negative charge, and they have almost no mass |
| atomic number | is the number of protons in the atom, it also tells how many electrons there are in an atom, and we can find atomic number of an atom on the periodic table |
| mass number (Atomic Mass) | this tells us the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| energy levels | the rings around the nucleus that holds the electrons |
| element | substances made of only one kind of atom |
| periodic table | organizes elements according to their atomic number and their behavior |
| metals | located to the left of the stair step line on the periodic table. They have luster, magnetism, malleable, ductile, conductors, and have color. |
| nonmetals | located to the right of the stair step line on the periodic table. They are dull, brittle, poor conductors, and are mostly gases. |
| metalloids | located along the stair step line between metals and nonmetals |
| luster | the ability to reflect light (this makes them shiny) |
| malleable | the ability to attract (Some metals such as nickel and iron can be magnetized) |
| ductile | to be stretched into a wire without breaking |
| conductor | allow electricity and heat to flow through easily |
| brittle | they break easily |
| compound | two or more elements combined like water or salt |
| mixture | elements and compounds combined |
| heterogeneous mixture | unevenly mixed like ketchup |
| homogeneous mixture | evenly mixed like salt water, also called a solution |
| separating mixtures | distillation (boiling point), filtration, evaporation, centrifuging, magnetic separation |
| solute | what is being dissolved in a solution |
| solvent | liquid that you are dissolving in (ex: Kool Aid; powder is solute, water is solvent) |
| solubility | how well something dissolves. To increase solubility: break up solute into smaller pieces, heat the solvent or stir |
| simple machine | used to make work easier |
| wheel and axle | simple machine consisting, in typical form, of a cylindrical drum to which a wheel concentric with the drum is firmly fastened: ropes are so applied that as one unwinds from the wheel, another rope is wound on to the drum |
| wedge | piece of hard material with two principal faces meeting in a sharply acute angle, for raising, holding, or splitting objects by applying a pounding or driving force, as from a hammer |
| lever | a simple machine that makes work easier for use; it involves moving a load around a pivot using a force |
| screw | a threaded cylindrical pin or rod with a head at one end, engaging a threaded hole and used either as a fastener or as a simple machine for applying power, as in a clamp, jack |
| inclined plane | one of the simple machines, a plane surface inclined to the horizon, or forming with a horizontal plane any angle but a right angle |
| compound machine | combination of simple machines (bicycle, can opener) |
| excretion | is the process of eliminating waste from the body. The four major organs of excretion are LUNGS, LIVER, SKIN, and KIDNEY |
| skin | excretes excess water, salt and urea, which are called sweat. Sweat cools us off, helps regulate body temperature |
| kidney | bean shaped organs that filter waste from the blood |
| liver | acts as a filter for the blood. The liver removes amino acids (protein) not needed by the body. The excess amino acids are broken down to form urea that is excreted in the urine |
| lungs | excrete carbon dioxide and water as waste |
| nutrient | substance in food that provides materials for growth, repair (proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals and water) |
| carbohydrates | long chains, sugar, starches, Glucose, Main source of energy |
| fats | chains of fatty acids, digests in small intestines, large source of energy, eat in small amounts, bile breaks it down, can clog blood vessels |
| proteins | made of amino acids, repairs tissues, found in meats, beans and nuts, digested in stomach |
| digestion | breaks down food into form cells can use (mechanical; chewing/muscles chemical; using enzymes, acids) |
| mouth | teeth, chew, tongue, salivary glands, amylase, digestion of carbohydrates begins |
| esophagus | connects the mouth to the stomach, peristaisis |
| stomach | churns food, mixes with chemicals to digest problems, muscular organ, pepsin, HCL Acid |
| liver | makes bile |
| gall bladder | stores bile |
| enzyme | speeds up chemical reactions |
| pancreas | makes insulin and other juices which break down sugars and starches |
| small intestines | villi, digestion is completed, absorption of nutrients into the blood, breaks down fats |
| large intestines | absorbs excess water |
| rectum | stores solid waste products |
| diffusion | moving molecules from high to low |
| active transport | moving materials from low to high |
| carrier/transport protein | helps during active transport |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| selectively permeable | cell membrane has openings of certain sizes and allows materials in and out |
| circulatory system | a transport system that consists of the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels |
| heart | a muscular organ that pumps blood to our body cells |
| vein | blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart |
| valve | prevents the backflow of blood. keeps blood moving foreword! |
| septum | wall of muscle that separates the left and the right side of the heart |
| artery | blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart |
| capillaries | blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. They have thin walls so that diffusion can occur. |
| pulse | the regular throbbing of the arteries, caused by the successive contractions of the heart (May be felt at an artery and the wrist) |
| heart disease | any disease that affects the heart |
| atherosclerosis | the build up of fatty deposits in the arteries |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| red blood cell | carries oxygen to the body |
| white blood cell | fight infections |
| platelet | stops bleeding |
| plasma | has nutrients, hormones, proteins |
| hemoglobin | gives blood the red color |
| immunity | protection against disease |
| antibody | what the body makes in response to the antibody |
| antigen | anything foreign to the body (pollen, bacteria, virus) |
| vaccine | dead or weakened form of antigen that you get to make you immune without getting sick |
| communicable disease | disease spread from one organism to another (virus: flu, bacteria: strep, fungus: athletes foot, protist: Lyme disease) |
| skeletal muscular system | bones and muscles that support us, give us shape and allow us to move |
| periosteum | living outer layer of bone |
| compact bone | stores calcium and phosphorus |
| marrow | in the center of bone red and yellow |
| spongy bone | at the ends of bones, red marrow here |
| joint | where bones come together, allow bones to move (gliding, ball and socket, fixed/immovable, pivot and hinge) |
| muscle | used to move all parts of the body, muscle cells are called fibers |
| contract | muscle gets shorter |
| relax | muscle gets longer |
| skeletal muscle | attached to bones, voluntary |
| smooth muscle | digestive organs, blood vessels, involuntary |
| cardiac/heart | in heart only. involuntary |
| cerebrum | thinking, awareness, voluntary muscles, memory, gets info from senses. largest part, divided 2 parts |
| cerebellum | balance and coordination of muscle movements |
| brainstem/medulla | connects the brain to the spinal cord, involuntary muscles and actions, breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure |
| sensory neurons | detects stimuli from the environment and sends the information to the brain. comes from the senses |
| motor neurons | causes movement. goes from the brain to the muscles or glands to cause a reaction. AWAY from the brain |
| interneuron | connects sensory and motor neurons. found in the brain or spinal cord |
| stimuli | any change inside or outside your body that causes a response |
| reflex | automatic response to potentially harmful stimuli (gagging, pulling hand away from hot stove) DOES NOT GO TO BRAIN |
| endocrine system | a system that releases hormones from glands. |
| hormone | are chemicals that travel through the blood stream to cause a response |
| respiratory system | is the system that helps you breathe in and out so oxygen can be pumped through your body and carbon dioxide can be removed from the blood stream |
| alveoli | tiny, thin walled air sacs in the lungs |
| asthma | disorder where bronchial tubes constrict and it becomes hard to breathe |
| cellular respiration | a process where cells use food and oxygen to make energy |
| fermentation | respiration without oxygen |
| mitochondria | site of cellular respiration |
| photosynthesis | is a process that plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make food and oxygen |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis |
Created by:
KRago
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