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AICP 2
AICP Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fiscal Impact Analysis | aka cost revenue analysis, used to estimate the costs & revenues of anew development on a local government. What will be the cost to extend & maintain infras, police service etc? The answers are compared to the tax generated from this new development. |
| Average Per Capita Method | Simplest but least reliable method. Divides total local budget by existing pop to determine the average per capita cost for jurisdiction. Is multiplied byexpected new pop of new developmentAssumescost to servicenew development= cost to service existing. |
| Adjusted Per Capita Method | Uses the Average Per capita Method and adjusts this based on expectations about the new development. This relies on subjective judgement. |
| Disaggregated Per Capita Method | Estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses. Ex. the cost of servicing a shopping center vs. an apartment complex. |
| Dynamic Method | Applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. Determines how much sales tax revenue is generated per capita from a grocery store & applies this to the new development. This method requires more data &time to conduct than other |
| Tribal planning | Engages tribal gov leaders, residents in preparing plans & planning processesTribal govs develop comprehensive plans. US DOT supports specific tribal transp process that allows federal agencies consult w Tribes on transportation policy, regs& projects. |
| Euclidean Zoning | Named after Euclid, OH. Places the most protective restrictions on residential land uses, less on commercial uses, and virtually none on industrial uses. This concept places the most restrictive zoning category, single-family, at the top of the pyramid |
| Cumulative Zoning | Less protective of land uses than Euclidean Zoning. RSF is the most exclusive. Each successive zoning district allows all uses from previous zone. A person could build a house in any district, but a factory could only locate in an industrial district. |
| Modified Cumulative Zoning | Was developed to provide cities a greater degree of protection than they could with cumulative. Districts are typically cumulative by type of land use. Ex. industrial district would not allow residential uses, but multifamily would |
| Big Box Retail | Generally has 50,000 or more square feet in a large box. |
| Smart Growth | A term used to describe planning for greater sustainability. Smart growth provides economic benefits for individuals, neighborhoods, communities, developers, land owners, and for the economy as a whole. |
| Triple Bottom Line | (1994) John Elkington. Companies should be preparing 3 different bottom lines: 1 for corporate profit, 1 for people, & 1 for the planet. These 3 P’s were intended to measure the financial, social, & environmental performance of a corporation over time. |
| Trip Generation | The # of trips that a particular site is likely to generate. A byproduct of land use & intensity factors which induce people to travel. Dependent on characteristics of the journey, trip purpose & socioeconomic characteristics of person making the trip |
| Origin-Destination Survey | Requires road blocks set up along major routes. Imaginary line that denotes boundary of the study area is known as cordon line. Motorists in cordon sampled & asked where they are coming & going. A more detailed survey is given to sampled & mailed back |
| Cross Tabulation Models | Allow for estimates of trip gen rates. Trip gen estimates are less valid w/ age. When local surveys are unavailable, published rates are used for estimates. Trip gen surveys have errors & should only be estimates. |
| Trip Distribution | Examines where people are going. A region is divided into traffic zones. Provides info on how many trips made b/w each zone& every other zone. Provides info on trip distances, time & cost, nature of trip, socioeconomic charac, &nature of transp system. |
| The Gravity Model | Can be used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the gravitational pull) and inversely proportional to the trip length. |
| Model Split | Deals w how people get to where they want to go & form of transportation they use. By having info on the number of people using cars, mass transit, bicycles, or walking, planners are able to estimate how many vehicles need to get from one place to another |
| AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) | The amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24-hour period averaged over a year. |
| Peak Hour Volume | The hourly traffic during the peak period |
| Seasonal Hour Volume | The peak hour volume during different seasons |
| Decision Hour Volume (DHV) | The capacity of the roadway to handle traffic. |
| Traffic Assignment / Trip Assignment | Use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway by the hour. Peak volumes are compared with DHV to see which roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity (where the congestion is going to be) |
| Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) | A measure of vehicular mobility obtained from travel inventories. It is a function of many factors, including topography, pop density, travel distances between home & other daily destinations & availability of mass transit. |
| Road Design | Street hierarchy to design guidelines. Transp engineers use functional classification to group streets into classes. Local streets designed to serve local land uses; collectors collect traffic; arterials are major roads Fails to consider context |
| The Highway Capacity Manual | Published by the Transportation Research Board, provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type. |
| Levels of Service (LOS) | Range from A to F. A LOS of A means there is free-flowing traffic and F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds. |
| The Public Roads Administration (PRA) | Implemented hiway system & 1947 designated 60,640-km of interstate highways. 1952 Federal-aid Hiway Act gave $25 mil for construction of interstate hiways & $175 mil2 years later. Federal Aid Hiway Act of 1956 authorized $25 bil between 1957 and 1969. |
| Transportation Demand Management (TDM) | Is used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. Ex. Car sharing, flextime, guaranteed ride home, public transit, park and ride, HOV lanes, telecommuting, commute trip reduction, transit oriented development |
| Chicane | A series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway. |
| Choker | A curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction. |
| Realigned intersections | Change the alignment of roadways near an intersection. This causes traffic to slow prior to entering the intersection. The approach to the intersection ins not straight and requires the driver to move into a curve before approaching the intersection. |
| Roundabouts | Require vehicles to circulate around a center island – useful on smaller streets. Traffic circles are appropriate for major streets |
| Speed Table | Is larger than a speed hump. It has a flat-top and may have brick or another textured material on the flat surface. A speed table is long enough for the entire vehicle to rest on the flat section of the table. |
| Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (APFO) | Allows local gov to deny or delay new dev if existing government services cannot support it. Ensures that new dev does not neg impact quality of life by overburdening public services. Important tool for local government to manage the pace of growth. |
| Concurrency | The practice of requiring that infrastructure be in place & available at a specified level of service prior to allowing new development to occur. The city tracks new dev permits to ensure there is sufficient infrastructure capacity serve new development |
| Day Lighting | The practice of placing windows or transparent media &reflective surfaces so that natural light provides effective internal illumination during the day. It is used to describe the conversion of an enclosed drainage system to a more open& natural system. |
| Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (1988) | Constitutes the authority of the federal gov, FEMA, to respond to disaster. 4 compo of hazard mit plan: Evaluate natural hazards. Describe & analysisze hazard managt policies. Goals & object. Implementing, monitoring, evaluating, & updating mit plan. |
| Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 | Amended the Stafford Act, which requires local governments to prepare to adopt hazard mitigation plans. The 2000 Act focuses on prevention |
| Rachael Carson | Author of Silent Spring (1962). In the book, Carson examined the dangers of chemical pesticides, such as DDT, on plants, animals, and humans. The book greatly influenced the way people think about the environment |
| Effluent Standards | Set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. Effluent guidelines reduce the discharge of pollutants that have serious environmental impacts. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories. |
| Point Source Pollution | Discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant. |
| Non-Point Source Pollution | Contaminated runoff from many sources. |
| Potable Water | Water that is safe to drink. |
| Estuary | An area where fresh water meets saltwater. |
| Lagoon | A shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast. |
| Marsh | A type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation. |
| The Clean Water Act (1972) | Amended 1977. Official name was the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Requires anyone wanting to discharge pollutants into a body of water to obtain a permit. Regulates amount of water that can be discharged & type of pollutants that can be released. |
| Clean Air Act of 1970 | Revisions in 1977 & 1990. Has provisions that cut off fed funding for metropolitan areas not in attainment. In non-attainment areas, new pollution sources are allowed only if reduction in pollutants greater than the pollutants contributed by source. |
| Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) | Relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified PSD increment. |
| Ambient Air Quality Standards | The maximum air contaminant concentrations allowed in the ambient air. |
| National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) | Created council on Envir Quality. It req Fed agencies prepare EIS for allmajor fed actions that may affect the qual of environment. Not all fed actions req a full EIS. Can 1st prepare an EA. The EA determines if EIS is req. Most EAs result in a FONSI. |
| The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 | (oldestUS environ law) prohibited construction of bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over navigable waterway in US w/o congressional approval. It req congressional approval for all wharves, piers, or jetties, & the excavation or fill of navigable waters. |
| The Water Pollution Control Act of 1948 | Allowed the surgeon general with other gov entities, to prepare comp prog for elim/reducing pollution of waters & improving sani condi of waters. Federal Works Admin assist agencies in treatment plans to prevent discharges of untreated sewage waters |
| The Water Quality Act of 1965 | Established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern. |
| The Coastal Zone Management act of 1972 | Later amended in 1990, focused efforts to reduce polluted runoff in 29 coastal states. |
| The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 | Amend Water Pollutant Act 1948. Broadened the govs authority over water pollution &restructured authority for water pollution underEPA. Changed enforcement from water qual standards to regulate # of pollutants discharged from particular point sources. |
| The Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978 | Promotes alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependency on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry. |
| The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980 | Creat$1.6 bil superfund to cleanup aband haz waste sites & req industries report annual releases of tox wastes in air/water/ground. AKASuperfund. More than 1,200 superfund sites in US. Tax on petroleum & chemical industries provide funding pay for cleanup |
| The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 | Provided EPA w ability control hazwaste. This includes generation, transp, treat, storage, & disposal of haz waste& manag of non-haz solid wastes. 1986 amend covered envir issues asso w underground storage tanks for fuel & other haz subs |
| Biomass Energy | Uses organic material which is burned to create energy. Biomass is renewable organic matter such as wood or ethanol (derived almost exclusively from corn). |
| Enterprise Zones (EZs) | Areas where companies can qualify for subsidies. Encourage businesses to stay/locate/expand in depressed areas & thereby revitalize them. Include a variety of corporate income tax credits, property tax abatements and other tax exemptions and incentives |
| Context Sensitive Design (CSD) | Refers to roadway standards and development practices that are flexible and sensitive to community values. It allows design decisions to better balance economic, social and environmental objectives within the community. |
| The Tenement House Act of 1867 | The first major housing code in the US. The Act required all rooms within tenements to have windows, but it did not require windows to open to the outside. |
| The Tenement House Act of 1870 | Required windows open to outside air, which resulted in dumbbell tenement housing type w open air shafts. This form of housing, referred to as old law tenements was built throughout NYC starting in 1879, but had poor lighting, little air, & little space. |
| The Tenement House Law of 1901 | NY law. Resulted in New Law Tenements. Outlawed dumbbell tenements. The new housing code was vigorously enforced. City req inspection & permits for construct & alterations. It req wide light & air between buildings, toilets & running water in each unit |
| The Public Works Administration (PWA) | (1934) following the Great Depression, provided 85 percent of the cost of public housing projects. This was the first federally supported public housing projects. |
| The Housing Act of 1934 | Established the Federal Housing Administration with the purpose of insuring home mortgages. |
| The Resettlement Administration | In 1935, used New Deal funds to develop new towns throughout the US. Three of these were the greenbelt communities of Greendale, WI; Greenhills, OH, and Greenbelt, MD. |
| The Housing Act of 1937 | Provided $500 mil in home loans for dev of lowcost housing. Tied slum clearance to public housing. Sec 8 of act authorized project-based rental assistance where owner reserves units inbuilding for lowincome tenants (Sec 8 housing is created in later act). |
| The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 | Aka the GI Bill, Guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs |
| The Housing Act of 1949 | The first comprehensive housing legislation passed in the US. The act called for the construction of 800,000 new housing units and emphasized slum clearance. |
| The Housing Act of 1954 | Called for slum prevention and urban renewal. The act provided funding for planning for cities under 25,000 population. The 701 funds were later expanded to allow for statewide, interstate, and regional planning. |
| The Housing Act of 1959 | Made federal matching funds available for comprehensive planning at the metropolitan, regional, state, and interstate levels. |
| The Housing act of 1961 | Provided interest subsidies to nonprofit organizations, limited-dividend corporations, cooperatives, and public agencies for the construction of public housing projects for low and moderate income families to rent |
| The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 | Formed the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The act also put into place rent subsidies for the poor, home loans at reduced interest rates, and subsidies for public housing projects. |
| The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 | Launch of model cities program. Provided financial incentives for coordinated metro area planning for open spaces, water supply, sewage disposal, & mass transit. Established a loan guarantee program to encourage the dev of new communities. |
| The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 | Provided for the construction of six million subsidized housing units. The Act also authorized monthly subsidies for private house for low-income families. |
| Pruitt-Igoe | (1972) A public housing development first occupied in 1954, was demolished in St. Louis. Its demolition marked a shift away from high-rise concentrated public housing. |
| The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 | Created CDBG. This program provides flexibility for commu to use fed funds for improvement of blighted areas. The program consolidated 6 urban programs into 1.The act created the Sec 8 housing voucher programproviding rent subsidies for lowincome housing |
| The Urban Development Action Grant Program (UDAG) | Authorized under the 1977 amend to1974 Housing & Commu Development Act. The program promoted public-private partnerships for redevelopment of urban areas. It req intergov cooperation in placement of projects.Cut funding for Section 701 comp planning prog. |
| The National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 | Created the HOME program, which provides funds for housing rehabilitation. |
| HOPE VI | Passed 1992. Provided funds for the redevo severely distressed pub housing. It allowed for demolition of pub housing & construction of new public housing in mixed-income neighborhoods, following New Urb. Resulted in deconcentration of pub housing. |
| The Organic Act of 1916 | Created the National Park Service in 1916 and signed by President Woodrow Wilson. An organic Act is an act that establishes a territory or an agency to manage federal lands. |
| John Muir | Early advocate for creation of national parks system. Wrote extensively for pop publications, brought national attention to sites that become national parks, including Glacier Bay & Mt Rainer. Championed protecting the Petrified Forrest & Grand Canyon |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Created 5 national parks and signed the Antiquities Act, which created 18 national monuments, including the Grand Canyon. He created 51 federal bird sanctuaries, four national game refuges, and more than 100 million acres of national forests |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | Improve nat parks thru Civilian Conservation Corps, est. during depression. Expanded parks system, including civil war battlefields& Lincoln Memo. Help create Olympic & Kings Canyon Nat Parks& directed funds to purchase land to create Smoky Mountains Park |
| The Antiquities Act of 1906 | Est. archeological sites on pub lands are pub resources & req fed agencies to preserve sites for future. Law auth Pres to protect landmarks/structures of histor/sci interest desig them NatMon. Obama desig Mojave Trl NatMon. 1.6 mil acres lava/sand dunes |
| The Historic Sites Act of 1935 | Sought to organize federally owned parks, monuments and historic sites under the National Park Service. It also declared a national policy to preserve historic sites, buildings, and objects of national importance for public use |
| The Wilderness Act of 1964 | Created National Wilderness Preservation System. Defined wilderness as area of undev Fed land retaining its Primeval character & influence w/o permanent improvements/human habitat. More than 106 mil acres of federal public lands designated as wilderness |
| The National Wild and Scenic River Act of 1968 | Seeks to preserve rivers w outstanding natural/cultural/recreational values in a free-flowing condition forenjoyment of current& future gen. Rivers are desig by Congress. Has protected 12,754 miles on 209 rivers in 40 states and Puerto Rico |
| Base Realignment and Closure | Process to reorg military bases to best support operational readiness. The National Defense Authorization Act for 2014 specif prohib auth future rounds until DOD complete review of overseas military facility structure, including overseas basing consoli |
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