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Session 2 Microbio8
Microbio -8- Parasitology and pathogenic parasites
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how to parasites live and get there food source | use the resources of their host they live on for their own growth and maintenance |
| what type of parasite are most of the disease producing parasites | most are obligate parasites requiring vertebrae host |
| what branch of life does parasitology focus on | eukaryotic infectious agents |
| What are the single celled eukaryotes that are not fungi called that can be parasites | protozoa |
| What are the multicelled eukaryotes called that can be parasites | metozoa- helminiths, arthropods, molluscs |
| Apart from being a parasite what other problem can arthropods and molluscs be for vertebrates | they can be the vector of transmission of other parasites or diseases |
| How are protozoans classified | classified according to organelle of locomotion and how they reproduce |
| these protozoans move by pseudopods and use normal binary fission to reproduce | rhizopods (amoebas) |
| these protozoans move by cilia and reproduce using transverse binary fission | ciliates |
| protozoans that use flagella for locomotion and reproduce through longitudinal binary fission | flagellates |
| protozoans that have no mode of locomotion and reproduce through schizogony/sporogony | sporozoa |
| type of flagellate that has one or two flagella and a single mitochondrion that extends the length of the cell give examples of this flagellate | kinetoplastid- examples are trypanosoma brucei (sleeping sickness, trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease) and leishmania spp. leishmaniasis |
| E. histolytica and acanthamoeba | rhizopods amoebas |
| G. Lamblia, T vaginalis | flagellates |
| Plasmodium spp. and T gondii | sporozoa |
| B. Coli | ciliates |
| T. Cruzi and L. donovani | kinetoplastids |
| since most protozoans divinde by binary fission how is it that they can also have a sexual reproduction | the gametes can fuse and undergo chromosomal recombination |
| how are helminths classified | classified based on body and alimenatary tract configuration, reproductive systems, number of intermediate hosts |
| what are the characteristics of nematodes | spinle shaped segmented body with suckers, separate sexes, tubular alimentary tract, and variable # of intermediate hosts |
| what are the characteristics of cestodes | head with oral and ventral suckers, hemaphroditic sexes, no alimentary tract, and one intermediate host |
| what are the characteristics of trematodes | leaf shaped with suckers, hermaphroditic sexes except shistosoma which has seperate, blind alimentary tract and two intermediate hosts except shistosoma which has one intermediate host |
| pin worm, round worm, woucherarria spp. and loa loa are all | nematodes |
| pork tapeworm is a | cestode |
| schistosoma, liver fluke and E. granulosus are all | trematodes |
| what is the host | animal on or within which a parasite can establish infection |
| what is the definitive host | host through which the parasite completes its adult phase or sexual reproduction phase of its life |
| what is the intermediate host | host through which a parasite must pass its larval stage through or asexual phase of its life cycle |
| what is the vector for trypanosomiasis | tsetse fly |
| what is the vetor for chagas disease | Riduviid bug |
| what is the vector for malaria, filaria | mosquito |
| what is the vector for leishmaniasis | phlebotomous sandfly |
| vector for loa loa (eyeworm) | crysops fly |
| vector for babesiosis | tick |
| what is the typical life cycle for a parasite | egg -> larval stage -> mature worm -> mating |
| unlike bacterial and viral infections that generally present as acute syndromes how do parasitic infections present | as chronic or long term syndromes |
| how can the host deal with parasite infections | attack with innate immunity, acquired immunity response, sequestration, sequester nutrient to starve the parasite or no harm no fowl and let the little buggers live as long as they play nice |
| Time from the acquisition of infection to appearance of symptoms can be hours to years | incubation |
| period between infection with parasite and demonstration of parasite in body especially as oocytes or eggs in blood or feces. | prepatent period |
| period of time in the parasite infection where organism can be demonstrated to be in the body no need for symptoms though | patent period |
| what factors aid the spread and prevalence of parasite infections | 1 poor sanitation 2 failure of sanitation measures 3 contact with symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers 4 animal to human transmission 5 presence of appropriate vector 6 long incubation/latency periods |
| what is two parasites that kill alot of people worldwide each year | malaria, and roundworm and hookworm infestations |
| How can you dx a parasitic infection | eosinophilia detailed history- travel food intak, socioeconimic status finding parasite evidence- eggs, larva, trophozoites and cyst in stool, urine, blood, tissues |
| how can serologic tests help dx parasitic infection | detect high levels of IgG in serum or detect Ag in blood of the parasites |
| Antiparasitic drug that interferes with nucleic acid synthesis or carbohydrate metabolism | antiprotozoan drugs |
| drugs taht compromise worms glycolytic pathways or neuromuscular function | antihelminthic drugs |
| since we are eukaryotes and so are the parasites how do we have drugs that harm them and not us | target the drugs to their preferential uptake, metabolic alteration only they can make or target them at the site where they are at |
| what are the characteristics of a good chemotherapeutic agent to use against parasites | effective in a single dose easily administered safe to dispense w/o medical supervision inexpensive to use worldwide |
| what are the major problems with parasitic infections | they are chronic and don't get sterile cure parasites becoming resistant to drugs complex life cycles and ability to modulate immune response has made making vaccines hard many parasite are sub clinical or asymptomatic so you get carriers as resevoirs |
Created by:
smaxsmith
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