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Middle East

QuestionAnswer
Middle East refers to a geographic region spanning parts of southwest Asia and the northeast part of Africa.
The Oud is a pear shaped Chordophone that is traditionally played with an Eagle Feather.
The Oud is a very versatile instrument which is often played by a soloist or with other instruments providing rhythmic accompaniment.
The santoor an chordophone that lies flat and has several bands of strings mounted across the top of a wooden sound board
The Santoor was brought to North India by the Persian Mughals and is played throughout the Middle East and North India.
is a membranophone that is held under the arm and played with the hands and fingers allowing for a variety of sounds, making it an excellent instrument to accompany the Santoor The tombek or doumbek
The doumbek is a goblet shaped drum that gets its name from the two main kinds of sounds it makes: dum and tek
dum a deeper sound, (created by striking the middle of the drum head)
tek a sharper, higher sound(made by striking the side of the drum head)
The Daf is a unique Persian frame drum that has a series of metal rings attached to the inside frame of the drum.
Many Middle Eastern musical traditions are related to(A Mode) the Arabic maqam modal system.
The maqam modal system is a system of grouping definite pitches into what are known as modes.
improvisation The modal music systems (maqam, makam, or mugham) used in traditional Middle Eastern music form the basis for melodic
ornamentation Many classical styles of Middle Eastern music use heavy
drone Oftentimes, Middle Eastern music will be accompanied by a ______, which is a continuous or semi-continuous definite pitch.
There is typically little to no harmony with all instruments playing variations of a melody or accompanying that melody by playing a drone.
The term "microtone" is used to refer to definite pitch frequencies that lie in between the frequencies common to the 12-tone western tuning system.
A performance of Middle Eastern classical music often takes the form of a musical suite
A waslah (WAH-slah) is a musical suite, which is a musical form characterized by contrasting but connected sections.
There are around eight distinct sections in a waslah which are called movements
In most waslahs the movements are all unified by their reference to a single maqam (mode).
A taqasim is an improvised solo in which one of the melodic instruments explores the maqam.
Taqasims are usually nonmetrical, improvised, and often feature a drone that accompanies the melodic instrument.
Another type of waslah movement is called the dulab
Dulabs are short instrumental movements that often serve as an introduction to the maqam and help to set the mood by revealing the character of the mode.
Dulabs are metered and have a pulse
Dulabs are composed in advance and typically played by all members of the ensemble.
In the Arab world, rhythmic patterns are known as iqa
A samai is a composed musical movement that uses a specific type of asymetrical rhythmic pattern known as Iqa Thaqil
The History of Hindustani Classical Music During the Persian Mughal rule of North India all forms of North Indian Music flourished, as the Persian Mughals were generous patrons of all the arts.
The Mughals financially supported the lives of endless musicians and artists of the highest caliber.
These musicians incorporated what they discovered about Persian Music into their own music, while performing to please their Persian patrons.
This period is considered(when the mughal musicians incorporated what they discovered about Persian music into their own music) "The Golden Age of Hindustani Classical Music."
Raga Melody in Indian Music comes from a mode (a small group of related pitches) with an emotional signature.
is a melodic framework in the Indian classical music tradition A raga
These specifically chosen groups of pitches (in Indian Music) are known in all Indian Music as Raga
Raga means 'color' Just like each color has a unique hue, each raga has a unique sound.
Mode: specific pitches used in a musical piece
To more easily identify the pitches of a raga mode Indian musicians assign syllables to each pitch.
Arohana ascending form of the mode. Sometimes, a pitch will be skipped on the way up.
Avarohana descending form of the mode, which may not be the same as the arohana.
Vadi an important pitch that the performer plays or sings more frequently than other pitches.
Samvadi a secondarily important pitch that is also favored by the performer.
Pakar mini-melodies that define the raga
Ornamentation occurs when extra pitches or flourishes are added to a basic melody of the raga
Melisma is a type of vocal ornamentation that involves holding out one syllable of text while changing the pitch
The Drone is a sustained pitch or set of pitches
Drones provide a sonic foundation and function as a continuous point of reference for the music.
Pitches of the Raga can sound in consonance or dissonance against the drone.
The musical term for rhythm in Indian Music is Tala
Each tala cycle has a heavy or emphasized beat, which is the first beat in the cycle. This is called the sam.
Tala cycles also have an empty beat, which is called the khali
the 16-beat cycle known as teentaal is divided into 4 groups of 4 + 4 + 4 + 4.
Indian classical music follows a musical form of distinct but connected sections that are improvised by the performer(s).
The opening section(of indian classical music) is called the alap a non-pulsatile & non-metrical introductory segment.
The alap begins with the drone, followed by the melodic instrument which slowly explores the nuances of the raga through improvising around the chalan.
The gat section is marked by the entrance of the tabla, making the music firmly pulsatile and bringing out the tala, the metered rhythm of the piece.
Often, part of the climax features a section called saval-javab in which the melodic instrument (sitar, sarod, flute, voice) and drum (tabla) have a musical “conversation” with each other, informally switching back and forth.
Created by: MathMatt
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