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LAN - Ch 4 Protocols
CIT132 LAN - Chapter 4 TCP/IP Protocols
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| address resource record | A type of DNS data record that maps the IP address of an Internet-connected device to its domain name. |
| alias | A nickname for a node’s host name. Aliases can be specified in a local host file. |
| anycast address | A type of address specified in IPv6 that represents a group of interfaces, any one of which (and usually the first available of which) can accept a transmission. |
| APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) | A service available on computers running the newer Windows operating system that automatically assigns the computer’s network interface an IP address from the range of 169.254.0.0 to 169.254.255.255 if an IP address hasn’t been assigned to that interface. |
| ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) | A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that belongs in the Network layer of the OSI model. ARP obtains the MAC (physical) address of a host, or node, and then creates a local database that maps the MAC address to the host’s IP (logical) address. |
| ARP table | A database of records that maps MAC addresses to IP addresses. The ARP table is stored on a computer’s hard disk where it is used by the ARP utility to supply the MAC addresses of network nodes, given their IP addresses. |
| BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol) | An Application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that uses a central list of IP addresses and their associated devices’ MAC addresses to assign IP addresses to clients dynamically. BOOTP was the precursor to DHCP. |
| country code TLD | A top-level domain that corresponds to a country. For example, the country code TLD for Canada is .ca, and the country code TLD for Japan is .jp. |
| DDNS (Dynamic DNS) | A method of dynamically updating DNS records for a host. DDNS client computers are configured to notify a service provider when their IP addresses change, then the service provider propagates the DNS record change across the Internet automatically. |
| DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) | An Application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that manages the dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network. Using DHCP to assign IP addresses can nearly eliminate duplicate-addressing problems. |
| diskless workstation | A workstation that doesn’t contain a hard disk, but instead relies on a small amount of read-only memory to connect to a network and to pick up its system files. |
| DNS (Domain Name System or Domain Name Service) | A hierarchical way of tracking domain names and their addresses, devised in the mid-1980s. |
| domain | A group of computers that belong to the same organization and have part of their IP addresses in common. |
| domain name | The symbolic name that identifies a domain. Usually, a domain name is associated with a company or other type of organization, such as a university or military unit. |
| dotted decimal notation | The shorthand convention used to represent IPv4 addresses and make them more easily readable by humans. In dotted decimal notation, a decimal number between 0 and 255 represents each binary octet. A period, or dot, separates each decimal. |
| dynamic ARP table entry | A record in an ARP table that is created when a client makes an ARP request that cannot be satisfied by data already in the ARP table. |
| dynamic IP address | An IP address that is assigned to a device upon request and may change when the DHCP lease expires or is terminated. BOOTP and DHCP are two ways of assigning dynamic IP addresses. |
| Dynamic Ports | TCP/IP ports in the range of 49,152 through 65,535, which are open for use without requiring administrative privileges on a host or approval from IANA. |
| echo reply | The response signal sent by a device after another device pings it. |
| echo request | The request for a response generated when one device pings another device. |
| Format Prefix | A variable-length field at the beginning of an IPv6 address that indicates what type of address it is (for example, unicast, anycast, or multicast). |
| FTP (File Transfer Protocol) | An Application layer protocol used to send and receive files via TCP/IP. |
| fully qualified host name | A host name plus domain name. For example, a host belonging to the loc.gov domain might be called Jasmine, making its fully qualified host name Jasmine.loc.gov. |
| hop | A term used to describe each trip a unit of data takes from one connectivity device to another. Typically, hop is used in the context of router-to-router communications. |
| host file | A text file that associates TCP/IP host names with IP addresses. |
| host name | A symbolic name that describes a TCP/IP device. |
| hosts | The name of the host file used on UNIX, Linux, and Windows systems. On a UNIX or Linux-based computer, hosts is found in the /etc directory. On a Windows-based computer, it is found in the %systemroot%\system32\drivers\etc folder. |
| ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) | A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that notifies the sender that something has gone wrong in the transmission process and that packets were not delivered. |
| ifconfig | A TCP/IP configuration and management utility used with UNIX and Linux systems. |
| IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol | A TCP/IP protocol used to manage multicast transmissions. Routers use IGMP to determine which nodes belong to a multicast group, and nodes use IGMP to join or leave a multicast group. |
| internetwork | To traverse more than one LAN segment and more than one type of network through a router. |
| IP datagram | The IP portion of a TCP/IP frame that acts as an envelope for data, holding information necessary for routers to transfer data between subnets. |
| ipconfig | The utility used to display TCP/IP addressing and domain name information in the Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista client operating systems. |
| IPv4 (IP version 4) | The current standard for IP addressing that specifies 32-bit addresses composed of four octets. |
| IPv4LL (IP version 4 Link Local) | A protocol that manages automatic address assignment among locally connected nodes. IPv4LL is part of the Zeroconf group of protocols. |
| IPv6 (IP version 6) | A newer standard for IP addressing that will replace the current IPv4 . IPv6 uses a newer, more efficient header in its packets and allows for 128-bit source and destination IP addresses. |
| label | character string that represents a domain (either top-level, second-level, or third-level). |
| lease | The agreement between a DHCP server and client on how long the client can use a DHCP-assigned IP address. DHCP services can be configured to provide lease terms equal to any amount of time. |
| loopback address | An IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself (used mostly for troubleshooting purposes). The IPv4 loopback address is always cited as 127.0.0.1, |
| loopback test | An attempt to contact one’s own machine for troubleshooting purposes. In TCP/IP-based networking, a loopback test can be performed by communicating with an IPv4 address that begins with an octet of 127. Usually, this means pinging the address 127.0.0.1. |
| multicast address | A type of address in the IPv6 that represents multiple interfaces, often on multiple nodes. An IPv6 multicast address begins with the following hexadecimal field: FF0x, where x is a character that identifies the address’s group scope. |
| multicasting | A means of transmission in which one device sends data to a specific group of devices (not necessarily the entire network segment) in a point-to-multipoint fashion. |
| name server | A server that contains a database of TCP/IP host names and their associated IP addresses. A name server supplies a resolver with the requested information. If it cannot resolve the IP address, the query passes to a higher-level name server. |
| namespace | The database of Internet IP addresses and their associated names distributed over DNS name servers worldwide. |
| net mask | See subnet mask. |
| network class | A classification for TCP/IP-based networks, normally Class A, B, or C |
| network ID | The portion of an IP address common to all nodes on the same network or subnet. |
| newsgroup | An Internet-based forum for exchanging messages on a particular topic. Newsgroups rely on NNTP for the collection and dissemination of messages. |
| NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol or Network News Transport Protocol) | An Application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that facilitates the exchange of newsgroup messages, or articles, between multiple servers and users. |
| NTP (Network Time Protocol) | A simple Application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite used to synchronize the clocks of computers on a network. NTP depends on UDP for Transport layer services. |
| Octet | One of the four bytes that are separated by periods and together make up an IPv4 address. |
| ping | To send an echo request signal from one node on a TCP/IP-based network to another, using the PING utility. See also PING. |
| PING (Packet Internet Groper) | A TCP/IP troubleshooting utility that can verify that TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network. PING uses ICMP |
| port number | The address on a host where an application makes itself available to incoming data. |
| RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) | A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that belongs in the Network layer of the OSI model. RARP relies on a RARP table to associate the IP (logical) address of a node with its MAC (physical) address. |
| Registered Ports | The TCP/IP ports in the range of 1024 to 49,151. These ports are accessible to network users and processes that do not have special administrative privileges. Default assignments of these ports must be registered with IANA. |
| release | The act of terminating a DHCP lease. |
| Rendezvous | Apple Computer’s implementation of the Zeroconf group of protocols. |
| resolver | Any host on the Internet that needs to look up domain name information. |
| resource record | The element of a DNS database stored on a name server that contains information about TCP/IP host names and their addresses. |
| Reverse Address Resolution Protocol | See RARP. |
| root server | A DNS server maintained by ICANN and IANA that is an authority on how to contact the top-level domains, such as those ending with .com, .edu, .net, .us, and so on. ICANN oversees the operation of 13 root servers around the world. |
| routable | The protocols that can span more than one LAN because they carry Network layer and addressing information that can be interpreted by a router. |
| socket | A logical address assigned to a specific process running on a computer. Some sockets are reserved for operating system functions. |
| static ARP table entry | A record in an ARP table that someone has manually entered using the ARP utility. Static ARP table entries remain the same until someone manually modifies them with the ARP utility. |
| static IP address | An IP address that is manually assigned to a device and remains constant until it is manually changed. |
| subnet | A part of a network in which all nodes shares a network addressing component and a fixed amount of bandwidth. |
| subnet mask | In IPv4 addressing, a 32-bit number that, when combined with a device’s IP address, indicates what kind of subnet the device belongs to. |
| subnetting | The process of subdividing a single class of network into multiple, smaller networks. |
| subprotocols | The specialized protocols that work together and belong to a protocol suite. |
| switch | The letters or words added to a command that allow you to customize a utility’s output. Switches are usually preceded by a hyphen or forward slash character. |
| TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) | A core protocol of the TCP/IP suite. TCP belongs to the Transport layer and provides reliable data delivery services. |
| TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) | A suite of networking protocols that includes TCP, IP, UDP, and many others. TCP/IP provides the foundation for data exchange across the Internet. |
| TCP/IP core protocols | The major subprotocols of the TCP/IP suite, including IP, TCP, and UDP. |
| Telnet | A terminal emulation protocol used to log on to remote hosts using the TCP/IP protocol. Telnet resides in the Application layer of the OSI model. |
| TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) | A TCP/IP Application layer protocol that enables file transfers between computers. Unlike FTP, TFTP relies on UDP at the Transport layer and does not require a user to log on to the remote host |
| TLD (top-level domain) | The highest-level category used to distinguish domain names – for example, .org, .com, and .net. A TLD is also known as the domain suffix. |
| TTL (Time to Live) | A number that indicates the maximum time that a datagram or packet can remain on the network before it is discarded. Represents the number of router hops a datagram has endured. |
| UDP (User Datagram Protocol) | A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that sits in the Transport layer of the OSI model. UDP is a connectionless transport service. |
| unicast address | A type of IPv6 address that represents a single interface on a device. An IPv6 unicast address begins with either FFC0 or FF80. |
| Well Known Ports | The TCP/IP port numbers 0 to 1023, so named because they were long ago assigned by Internet authorities to popular services (for example, FTP and Telnet), and are, therefore, well known and frequently used. |
| Zeroconf (Zero Configuration) | A collection of protocols designed by the IETF to simplify the setup of nodes on a TCP/IP network. Zeroconf assigns a node an IP address, resolves the node’s host name and IP address without requiring a DNS server. |
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Leisac
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