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AP Gov ch.4 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pork barrel spending | Legislation that directs specific funds to projects within districts or states |
| logrolling | trading votes on legislation by members of congress to get their earmarks passed into legislation |
| oversight | Congress ensuring branches of gov, federal bureaucracy, and elected/appointed officials are acting legally in accordance with congressional goals |
| constituency | body of voters in a given area who elect a representative or senator |
| apportionment | process of determining the number of representatives for each state using census data |
| redistricting | states' redrawing of boundaries of electoral districts following each census |
| gerrymandering | intentional use of redistricting to benefit a specific party/ interest/group of voters |
| partisan gerrymandering | drawing of district boundaries into strange shapes to benefit a political party |
| majority-minority districts | district where voters of a minority ethnicity constitute an electoral majority within that district |
| malapportionment | uneven distribution of the population between legislative districts |
| incumbency | political official currently in office |
| incumbency advantage | institutional advantages held by those already in office who are trying to fend off challengers in an election |
| Speaker of the House | Leader of the House of Representatives chosen by an election of its members |
| political action committee (PAC) | organization that raises money for candidates and campaigns |
| House majority leader | person who is second in command of the House of Representatives |
| whip | member of Congress chosen by their party members to ensure party unity and discipline |
| minority leader | head of the party with second highest number of seats in Congress, chosen by party's members |
| Senate majority leader | person who has the most power in the Senate and is the head of the party with the most seats |
| committee chair | leader of a congressional committee who has authority over the committee's agenda |
| discharge petition | motion filed by a member of Congress to move a bill out of the committee and onto the floor of the House for a vote |
| House Rules Committee | determines when a bill will be debated and voted on the House floor, how long the debates will last and if amendments will be allowed on the floor |
| Committee of the Whole | All members of house meets in house chamber but is governed by different rules making it easier to consider complex and controversial legislation |
| hold | delay placed on legislation by a senator who objects to a bill |
| unanimous consent agreement | agreement in the Senate that sets the terms for consideration of a bill |
| fillbuster | tactic through which an individual senator may use the right of unlimited debate to delay a motion or postpone action on a piece of legislation |
| cloture | procedure through which senators can end debate on a bill and proceed to action, if 60 senators agree |
| veto | power of a president to reject a bill passed by congress sending it back to originating branch with objections |
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | executive branch office that assists the president in setting national spending priorities |
| entitlement program | provides benefits for those who qualify under the law regardless of income |
| mandatory spending | spending required by existing laws that's "locked in" the budget |
| discretionary spending | spending for programs and policies at the discretion of Congress and the president |
| budget surplus | When government takes in more than it spends |
| budget deficit | when government spends more than they take in |
| national debt | total amount of money owed by the federal gov |
| delegate role | idea that the main duty of a member of congress is to carry out constituents' wishes |
| trustee role | idea that members of Congress should make decisions based on their knowledge and judgment |
| politico role | representation where members of congress balance their choices with the interests of their constituents and parties in making decisions |
| bipartisanship | agreement between the parties to work together in congress to pass legislation |
| gridlock | slowdown or halt in Congress's ability to legislate and overcome divisions, especially those based on partisanship |
| divided government | control of the presidency and one or both chambers of congress split between the 2 major parties |
| lame duck period | period at the end of the presidential term when Congress may block presidential initiatives and nominees |
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