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Chap 7
Blood Collection Equipment, Additives, and Order of Draw
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antiseptics | are substances used to prevent sepsis which is the presence of microorganisms or their toxic products within the bloodstream |
| disinfectants | are chemical substances or solutions regulated by the Environmental protection agency that are used to remove or kill microorganisms on surfaces and instruments |
| biocide | a chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of living organisms |
| sharps containers | a special container that used needles, lancets, and other sharp objects must be disposed of immediately |
| tourniquet | is a device that is applied or tied around a patient's arm prior to a venipuncture to compress the veins and restrict blood flow |
| bevel | the end of the needle that pierces the vein |
| lumen | the internal space of the needle |
| hub | the end that attaches to the blood collection device |
| shaft | the long cylindrical portion |
| gauge | is indicated by a number that is related to the diameter of the lumen |
| 21 gauge needle | is considered the standard for most routine adult antecubital venipunctures |
| 22 gauge needle | is often used for smaller veins |
| evacuated tube system | it is a closed system in which the patient's blood flows through a needle inserted into a vein directly into a collection tube w/o exposure to air or outside contaminants. |
| multisample needles | are also called ETS, because they allow multiple tubes of blood to be collected during a single venipuncture |
| tube holder | is a clear, plastic, disposable cylinder with a small threaded opening at one end ( often called a hub) |
| evacuated tubes | are used with both the ETS and the syringe method of obtaining blood specimens |
| vacuum | is artificially created during manufacture by pulling air from the tube |
| additive | is any substance placed within a tube other than the tube stopper or if the tube is glass, the silicone coating. |
| hypodermic needle | is sometimes used for pt's with small or difficult veins, this system consists of a sterile syringe needle |
| light blue | additive: sodium citrate spun down: plasma Department: coagulation |
| red | Additive: none or clot activator spun down: serum Department: chemistry, serology/immunology |
| Gold | Additive: clot activator & gel separator spun down: serum Department: chemistry |
| light green | Additive: lithium heparin & gel separator spun down: serum Department: chemistry |
| dark green | Additive: lithium heparin or sodium heparin spun down: plasma or whole blood Department: chemistry |
| lavender (purple) | Additive: EDTA spun down: whole blood Department: hematology |
| pink | Additive: EDTA spun down: whole blood Department: blood bank |
| gray | Additive: sodium fluoride & K+ oxalate spun down: whole blood or plasma Department: chemistry |
| syringe transfer device | allows the safe transfer of blood into the tubes w/o using the syringe needle or removing the tube stopper |
| blood collection sets | are indispensable tools for collecting blood from small or difficult veins such as hand veins or elderly & pediatric pt's |
| winged infusion set | commonly refer to as a butterfly, has plastic extensions that resemble butterfly wings attached to the needle where it is joined to the tubing |
| anticoagulants | are substances that prevent blood from clotting by either of 2 methods by binding, or precipitating calcium. |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid | EDTA - is commonly available as dipotassium (K2EDTA) or tripotassium (K3EDTA) |
| sodium citrate | used for coagulation tests (PT & aPTT) because it does the best job of preserving the coagulation factors |
| heparin | prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin and factor X |
| potassium oxalate | is the most widely used oxalate, commonly added to tubes containing glucose preservatives to provide plasma for glucose testing |
| acid citrate dextrose (ACD) | is available in 2 formulations (solution A & B) for immunohematology tests such as DNA testing & human leukocyte antigen phenotyping, which is used in paternity evaluation & to determine transplant compatibility |
| citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) | is used in collecting units of blood for transfusion, prevents clotting |
| sodium polyanethol sulfonate (SPS) | prevents coagulation by binding calcium |
| antiglycolytic agent | is a substance that prevents glycolysis |
| glycolysis | the breakdown or metabolism of glucose by blood cells |
| sodium fluoride | preserves glucose & also inhibits the growth of bacteria |
| clot activator | is a substance that enhances coagulation in tubes used to collect serum specimens. |
| thixotropic gel | is an inert (nonreacting) synthetic substance initially contained in or near the bottom of certain blood collection tubes |
| order of draw | refers to the order in which tubes are collected during a multiple tube ETS draw, or filled from a syringe |
| carryover/cross-contamination | is the transfer of additive from one tube to the next |
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