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CVHDP
Imaging and Laboratory Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Artifact | An object in the image that does not belong and is usually caused by the imaging process in radiographs; in ultrasounds, it can be caused by sound reverberation or shadowing |
| Barium Study | Done by using a contrast medium known as barium sulfate; the barium is given internally to the patient so that structures in the GI tract can be more visible on radiographs |
| Caudocranial | Previously known as posteroanterior (PA), this view goes opposite to AP, from tail to head |
| Computed Tomography (CT) | Radiation scan done using a computer that produces cross-sectional images of the patient’s body; often called a CT or CAT scan, these are done to get more details that cannot be seen through radiographs alone |
| Contrast | A medium used to provide contrast for radiographs that allow certain structures to appear more visible; as described previously with the barium study, the liquid medium known as barium sulfate is used for contrast and shows up bright white in radiographs |
| Craniocaudal | Previously known as anteroposterior (AP), this view goes from the head to the tail |
| Dorsoventral (DV or D/V) | Opposite of a VD, in which the patient is sitting in a sternal position, or on their chest/abdomen |
| Echocardiogram | "An ultrasound of the heart; helps to evaluate the heart chambers and flow of blood |
| Endoscopy | A procedure in which an endoscope is used to look inside the body; the endoscope is a long tube with a camera at the end that can be inserted into an orifice or surgical incision, where the video will be transmitted onto a screen |
| Fluoroscopy | A procedure that uses radiation to project internal structures in motion onto a fluorescent screen; it is often used to check tracheal or esophageal issues such as difficulty breathing or swallowing |
| Hyperechoic | "When an object appears brighter under ultrasound due to the tissue reflecting back more sound waves |
| Hypoechoic | "The opposite of hyperechoic in which the tissue reflects back less sound, making the image appear darker |
| Lateral | A radiographic view of the patient while they are laying on their side; usually denoted as either right or left lateral |
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | A procedure that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field to create three-dimensional images of the patient’s internal structures; most commonly used to image the brain, spine and joints |
| Oblique | View in which the body or extremity being radiographed is turned at an angle |
| PennHIP | A series of radiographic images taken to evaluate the hips of canine patients, particularly breeds prone to hip dysplasia or osteoarthritis |
| Radiograph | Often called an x-ray, this is the image recorded using an x-ray machine |
| Radiology | The study of internal structures of the body using radiation or x-rays |
| Radiolucent | The opposite of radiopaque, this is when the image appears black or dark gray |
| Radiopaque | Used to denote a structure that appears opaque (white or light gray in color) on a radiograph; bones and tissue structures appear radiopaque |
| Ultrasound (U/S) | Also known as ultrasonography, this is the imaging of internal structures using high frequency sound waves |
| Ventrodorsal (VD or V/D) | View in which the patient is laying on their back and the x-rays go from the ventral (front) to the dorsal (back) side of the patient |
| Acidic | A pH level lower than 7 |
| Aerobic | "The presence of oxygen in a sample; used to denote when a sample has been exposed to air |
| Agglutination | The clumping of cells, particularly seen when referring to blood cells |
| Alkaline | A pH level higher than 7 |
| Anaerobic | The absence of oxygen; an anaerobic sample must be collected using a special method that will prevent the sample from exposure to air or oxygen |
| Antibody | "A protein produced by the body to combat foreign objects such as bacteria or viruses |
| Anticoagulant | An additive placed into certain sample tubes or containers that prevents blood clotting |
| Antigen | A substance that is produced by pathogens or toxins that triggers an immune response |
| Arterial | Pertaining to the artery, which is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body |
| Assay | A test or assessment to help determine the number of microbes, cells, or chemical substance in a sample |
| Bacilli | Rod-shaped bacteria |
| Bacteria | Microscopic organism that can infect other organisms and lead to disease |
| Blue Top Tube | Contains an anticoagulant called sodium citrate and are used for clotting tests |
| Buffy Coat | The thin white layer often seen in spun down blood samples that separates the red blood cells from the blood serum; made up of white blood cells and platelets |
| Cannula | "A small tube inserted into a vein or body cavity to either withdraw blood/ fluid or administer medications |
| Cast | Tube shaped structure that can be formed during certain disease states |
| Centimeter (cm) | A measurement of length; there are 100 centimeters in a meter |
| Centrifuge | "A machine in which samples are placed and spun at a high speed in order to separate the different components of the sample |
| Cephalic | A vein found in the front limb of a patient; often used for blood draws and catheter placements |
| Complete Blood Count (CBC) | A blood test that measures many different parts and features of the patient's blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit |
| Concentrated | A urine sample that is bright yellow |
| Crystal | Minerals found in urine; can be normal in low amounts but when excessive, can lead to bladder stones |
| Culture Bottle | Typically collected in a pair and are used for blood samples when a bacterial or fungal infection is suspected; they contain a special medium that allows for the growth of bacteria or fungi, with one bottle being anaerobic and one aerobic culture |
| Culture Swab | A sterile swab that comes in regular or small sizes and are used to obtain samples for culture tests to check for microbial infections |
| Cystocentesis | Using a needle and syringe to obtain a sterile urine sample directly from the bladder |
| Cytology | The study or examination of body cells and their structures |
| Day | Used to calculate amount of medication needed for a 24-hour period |
| Deciliter (dL) | Measures volume of liquid and often used for lab results such as g/dL or mg/dL, in which it measures grams or milligrams per deciliter; there are 10 deciliters in a liter |
| Differential | Evaluation of each white blood cell type and its percentage in a blood sample |
| Diluent | A liquid used to make a dilution, usually sterile or bacteriostatic water |
| Dilute | A urine sample that is very light in color and appears watered down |
| Dilution | A substance that is diluted down to reduce the concentration (a diluted solution); for example, a 50% dextrose solution is a diluted form of dextrose in which dextrose makes up 50% of the solution and sterile water makes up the other 50% |
| Erythrocyte | A red blood cell |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) | An anticoagulant that is placed as an additive in lavender top tubes for blood collection |
| Exudate | A secretion or buildup of cells or fluid as a result of inflammation |
| Fecal | A sample of feces or “poop”; also called a stool sample |
| Fecal Container | Larger tube that usually contain a small spork attached to the lid to allow for easy collection of fecal samples |
| Femtoliter (fL) | Measures small volumes of liquid and often used to report volumes of blood cells; there are 1,000,000,000,000,000 femtoliters in a liter |
| Formalin | A solution made up of formaldehyde that acts as a preservative to keep tissue samples from degrading |
| Formalin Jar | Also called biopsy jar, it comes in several sizes and contains formalin solution to preserve the sample; used to submit tissue and biopsy samples |
| Fungus | Spore-producing organisms that can be microscopic in size |
| Gram (g) | Measures weight for small patients, such as neonates, or ZooMed patients |
| Hematocrit | Amount or percentage of red blood cells in a sample; also known as a crit or packed cell volume (PCV) |
| Hematology | The study of the physiology of blood, such as blood cells, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases |
| Hematuria | Urine that is red or pink in color, indicating the presence of blood |
| Hemolytic | (Also known as hemolyzed) when a serum sample is reddish or pinkish rather than clear, indicating that red blood cells have been broken down |
| High Powered Field (hpf) | Used to denote how much is seen in one field of vision under the microscope; for example, the number of rods seen in an ear cytology may be >25/hpf or greater than 25 per high powered field |
| Hour (hr) | Used for administration of fluids, usually over extended periods such as ml/hr or milliliters per hour; there are 24 hours in a day |
| Iatrogenic | Illness caused by treatment, such as medication |
| Icteric | A serum or urine sample that is bright yellow in color and can indicate liver disease |
| Idiopathic | An illness with unknown origin |
| International Unit (IU) | Unit of measurement that is accepted as a specific amount internationally, but can vary according to the type of substance being measured |
| Jugular | Two veins that run parallel to each other on either side of the neck and transport blood from the head to the heart |
| Kilogram (kg) | Measures larger weights, such as cat and dog weights; there are 1,000 grams in a kilogram |
| Lavender Top Tube | Also called purple top; contains an anticoagulant called EDTA and are used for complete blood counts (CBC) |
| Leukocyte | A white blood cell; helps to fight infection |
| Lipemic | A serum sample that is milky in appearance, indicating the presence of fat cells |
| Liter (L) | Measures volume of liquid; often used to measure blood or fluid bags |
| Lithium Heparin | An anticoagulant additive used in green top tubes |
| Lysis | Breaking down of a cell’s membrane, causing the contents of the cell to spill out |
| Microbiology | The study of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae or fungi |
| Microgram (µg) | Measures very small quantities of a solid or powder; there are 1,000,000 micrograms in a gram |
| Microliter (µL) | Used for very small volumes of liquid; there are 1,000,000 microliters in a liter |
| Milligram (mg) | Measures weight and commonly used for drugs in solid or powder form; there are 1,000 milligrams in a gram |
| Milliliter (mL) | Measures volume of liquid (also called cubic centimeter or cc); there are 1,000 milliliters in a liter |
| Milliequivalent (mEq) | One thousandth of a molar equivalent of a chemical |
| Millimeters of Mercury (mm Hg) | Measures blood pressure, such as 120 mm Hg |
| Milliosmole (mOsm) | One thousandth of an osmole; often used to measure the osmolality of a solvent in milliosmoles per kilogram or mOsm/kg |
| Mini Blood Tube | Smaller version of full-sized tubes; used for in-house blood work |
| Minute (min | Used for administration of certain medications or constant rate infusions (CRI), such as ml/min or milliliters per minute; there are 60 minutes in an hour |
| Nosocomial | An infection contracted at a hospital or clinic |
| Packed Cell Volume (PCV) | Total amount of cells in a blood sample; usually seen at the bottom of a clotted or spun down sample |
| Parasite | An organism that receives its nutrients from another organism, known as the host |
| Parasitology | The study of parasitic organisms |
| Pathogen | An organism that causes disease |
| Picogram | Measures very small amounts of weight, such as for certain lab results; there are 1,000,000,000,000 picograms in a gram |
| Pinna | The external part of an animal’s ear, not including the ear canal |
| Platelet | A type of blood cell that helps with clotting |
| Profile | Also called a screen or panel; a group of tests run together to check various body systems and organs |
| Protozoa | A single-celled organism |
| Red Top Tube | A tube that does not contain any anticoagulant; used for certain chemistry tests |
| Refractometer | An instrument that measures urine specific gravity and total solids/proteins from serum |
| Rickettsia | Rod-shaped bacteria |
| Rods | A generalized term for any rod-shaped bacteria |
| Saphenous | A vein found in the rear leg of a patient |
| Scientific Notation | Notations used for very large or very small numbers; for example, the number 5,000,000,000 would be written as 5 x 109 or 0.0000005 would be 5 x 10-9 where the 10x indicates how many decimal places to the right or left |
| Second (sec) | Unit of time often used for fluids being given on a manual drip, such as drops/sec or drops per second; there are 60 seconds in a minute |
| Sediment | The solid particles found in a urine sample when spun down |
| Serology | Testing of serum to check antigens and antibodies |
| Serum | The clear, amber-colored portion of blood when separated from the blood cells; contains proteins not used in blood clotting |
| Serum Separator Tube | Contains a coagulant that helps blood clot faster as well as a gel that separates the serum from the blood cells when spun down |
| Slide | A slim rectangular piece of glass used to place a thin layer of sample for examination under a microscope |
| Sodium Citrate | Additive that helps to prevent clotting, which is used for blue top tubes |
| Spirochetes | Tightly coiled, spiral-shaped bacteria |
| Staphylococci | Round or spherical bacteria that often clump together; usually called cocci for short |
| Sterile | Free of any bacteria or other microbes |
| Streptococci | Round bacteria that usually form a chain |
| Temperature | Interchangeable as either Fahrenheit or Celsius; (x°F − 32) × 5/9 = x°C or x° C = 5/9 (x°F - 32) |
| Total Solids or Total Protein (TS/TP) | These terms are interchangeable and are the total amount of proteins found in a serum sample |
| Turbid | A urine sample that appears cloudy |
| Urinalysis | An examination of a urine sample that can test for signs of disease or infection |
| Urinary Catheter | A long and hollow tube that is partially flexible; when inserted through the urethral opening (where urine comes out), it can be inserted directly into the bladder to help collect urine |
| Urine Specific Gravity (USG) | A test done to help determine kidney function and hydration level by checking the concentration of urine |
| Venipuncture | Using a needle and syringe to puncture a vein in order to collect blood or administer medications |
| Virus | A microscopic agent that carries disease and can infect living organisms |
| White Top Tube | A tube that does not contain any additives and is commonly used for fluid or urine samples |
| Whole Blood | Blood in its natural state, before clotting |
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