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EKG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| atria location | thin top chambers of heart |
| atria function | blood returns from venous system and lungs and supplied to ventricles |
| ventricle location | thick lower chambers of heart |
| ventricle function | pumps blood into body and lungs |
| depolarization | action potential |
| repolarization | Repolarization / "Rest" |
| SA node | pacemaker / P wave |
| AV node | regulates impulse rate to ventricles / QRS complex |
| AV node rate | 40 - 60 bpm |
| ECG 5 lead placement | white RA, black LA, green RL, red LL, brown right of sternum |
| how often to change ECG leads and why | every 24 hours, gel loses transmission |
| ECG small block duration | 0.20 seconds |
| ECG smallest block duration | 0.04 seconds |
| how long are most ECG strips | 6 seconds |
| P wave | atrial depolarization |
| P wave shape | small, upright, rounded |
| QRS complex | ventricular depolarization |
| R wave | beat |
| T wave | ventricular repolarization (rest) |
| inverted / flat T wave indicates | ischemia |
| peaked T wave indicates | hyperkalemia |
| T wave shape | turtle shape, upright |
| ST segment | end of ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization (rest) |
| ST shape | usually flat |
| elevation of ST segment: | injury |
| depression of ST segment: | ischemia |
| STEMI | ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction |
| QT interval | beginning of QRS to end of T wave |
| U wave | usually not visible, may indicate hypokalemia |
| ectopic beats | abnormal |
| ST depression | could be MI |
| how to count pulse rate on ECG | count the number of QRS complex times 10 |
| normal sinus rhythm bpm | 60 - 100 |
| which system governs the heart | sympathetic nervous system |
| sinus bradycardia bpm | 40 - 60 |
| sinus bradycardia causes | vagal tone, vomiting, vasovagal syncope |
| sinus bradycardia treatment | only treat symptomatic, 1mg atropine IV |
| sinus bradycardia nursing priorities | perfusion: urinary output, BP, Level of Consciousness |
| sinus tachycardia bpm | 100 - 150 bpm |
| sinus tachycardia causes | increased need for O2: FEVER, exercise, anxiety, stimulants, pain, stress |
| sinus tachycardia complications | chest pain, MI, heart failure, dysrhythmias |
| sinus arrhythmia | irregular heart rhythm, often with bradycardia, HR increases on inspiration and decreases on expiration |
| sinus arrhythmia causes | normal in children, young adults and elderly. heart disease, after MI, digoxin or morphine |
| sinus arrest / block treatment | asystole. no pacemaker = cardiac arrest. needs pacemaker |
| arrest causes | damage to SA node, hyperkalemia, hypoxia, vagal tone |
| premature atrial contraction (PAC) causes | causes arrhythmia. stress, lack of sleep, stimulants |
| PAC can turn into | atrial fibrillation |
| atrial flutter | saw tooth P wave arrythmia along entire baseline |
| atrial flutter symptoms | palpitations, rapid HR, chest pain, SOB, low BP, fatigue, or no symptoms |
| atrial flutter treatment | cardioversion, catheter ablation |
| atrial fibrillation (AFib) | arrhythmia that can lead to clots (stroke, pulmonary embolus) |
| AFib causes | HTN, MI, heart defect, stimulants, sick sinus syndrome, sleep apnea |
| AFib symptoms | palpitations, decreased BP, weakness, SOB, chest pain |
| junctional rhythm causes | loss of atrial kick and slow rate, hypotension, chest pain, change in LOC, dyspnea |
| junctional rhythm appearance | inverted P waves |
| junctional rhythm treatment | if symptomatic, pacemaker, dopamine drip, epi drip |
| supraventricular tacycardia (SVT) | dysrhythmias that come from above ventricle |
| SVT treatment in order (4) | adenosine 6mg IV, 12mg IV, cardioversion, cardiazem drip |
| av block / heart block | signal is stopped either temporarily or permanently at the AV junction. first, second, or third degree. higher the degree, the more significant the block and the more likely it is to produce bradycardia. |
| av block appearance | prolonged PR interval / more than 0.2 sec |
| symptomatic 1st or 2nd degree AV block treatment | atropine, oxygen |
| 3rd degree AV block / complete heart block (CHB) treatment | oxygen, external pacing until pacemaker. dopamine or epi drip if no pacemaker |
| premature ventricular contraction causes | stimulants, MI, CHF, cardiac ischemia, vagal tone, hypoxia, acidosis |
| PVC treatment | oxygen, treat causes |
| idioventricular rhythm | potentially lethal, oxygen, pacemaker. may need to call code |
| ventricular tachycardia bpm | 140 - 250 |
| VT | potentially lethal, requires immediate care, shock |
| VT treatment | unstable = oxygen, monitor LOC, call MD pulseless = CPR, call code, defibrillate |
| ventricular standstill / asystole | flatline, call code. epi push |
Created by:
kalanijade
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