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Growth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Asexual reproduction | Increase in cell numbers without any change in genetic information |
| Sexual reproduction | does not increase cell numbers bit alters DNA content of the cell |
| Forms of asexual reproduction | Binary fission, True breaching, budding, conidia |
| Binary fission | Most common form, mother cell forms two daughter cells and this is determined by the surface area to volume ratio which tells the cell its time to divide |
| True Branching | modification of binary fission that results when certain species are treated with antibiotics that interfere with the cell wall. steps are the same, except cell wall never divides into two cells so cells are encased in a common wall which creates a chain |
| example of a cell that experiences true branching | bacteria that causes tuberculosis |
| In both of these examples of asexual reproduction, all the mother cell material is used to produce daughter cells | binary fission and true branching |
| Budding (unequal binary fission) | occurs in prokaryotic organisms like yeast and budding bacteria, and the mother cell produces a single, smaller daughter cell, leaving it unchanged and allows for increases in population without loss of mother cell |
| conidia | asexual spores that formed by certain species of molds/fungus (NOT LIKE ENDOSPORES) which are formed in cell and release when the cell ruptures |
| types of sexual reproduction | transformation, transduction and conjugation |
| what is the most common for of sexual reproduction | conjugation |
| What is the purpse of sexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells | To provide genetic variation, not to increase numbers |
| recombination. What is the benefit? | once DNA is inside the cell, there is a combination of extra DNA and bacteria DNA which causes a hybrid. the benefit is the chance that the cell will be able to survive/adapt better with this new DNA |
| Transformation | bacteria cell walls have 8-10 enzymes which take DNA from environment and splits it before allowing entry into the cell, then recombination takes place |
| gram negative transformation | if they are capable they are always competent (able to split DNA) |
| gram positive transformation | competent only during stationary phase of growth curve |
| Transduction | extra DNA comes from host bacterium to another bacteria of same species. this is transferred via viruses |
| Virus process during transduction | a virus in a lytic cycle infects a bacterial cell by first injecting its nucleic acids into host bacteria, which then rewires bacterium metabolism to benefit the virus. More copies are viral nucleic acid are made, as well as protein componettttttnts for |
| transduction final stages | protein coat is assembled and nucleic acid is packaged into protein coat, then the host cell lyses. if a mistake is made and bacteria chromosome is included, the next bacteria that a virus infects can recombinate and form a hybrid from stored chromosome |
| Conjugation requires... | a plasmid called the episome or fertility factor |
| bioremediation | the use of organisms to breakdown toxic waste and pollutants |
| Rfactor | plasmid in bacteria that produces proteins which inactivate antibiotics |
| col factor | give cell ability to produce proteins that act as toxins |
| bacteriocins | bacterially produced toxins |
| process of pilin | an episome (fertility factor) is used to produce the protein pilin, which makes up pili that cell uses for attachment. Pili that attach to another cell are hollow and allow for transfer of DNA |
| F- cell | cells that do not posses episome and only cells that can act as recipients in conjugation process |
| F+ cell | cells with a free floating fertility factor |
| HFr cell | cell that had a fertility factor that inserted it self into the chromosome and undergoes high frequency recombination |
| F' cell (F prime) | F factor incorrectly excises itself from the chromosome and takes some of that gene with it |
| F+ conjugation | F+ cell makes cell to cell contact with F- cell by way of pili and the plasmid is duplicated and transferred to F- cell so now there are two F+ |
| HFr conjugation | HFr cell makes contant with an F- cell, and the plasmid and chromosome are duplicated. the farthest end goes first so it takes a long time for transfer to complete which is improbable, still any trasnfer is beneficial. if entire thing passes, it is now F+ |
| F' conjugation | F' cell makes cell contact with F- and plasmid is duplicated along with excised chromosomal genes. transfer begins with farthest piece and ends with cofactor. length is shorter than HFr so higher chance. Entirety passes: F+ |
| F- cell regeneration is completed by? | binary fission of an F+ cell. only the chromosome is duplicated, so one daughter cell gets the fertility factor while both get a chromosome |
| Lag phase (growth curve) | time when population is getting accustomed to environment, and thus length of time in phase is determined by abiotic factors between old and new environment |
| growth phase. what is the factor that affects the rate? | time duration in which population is increasing in numbers to fill an environment . rate is dependent on time it takes a species to reproduce and eventually carrying capacity stabilizes a population |
| Stationary phase. what determines the length of this phase? | number of individuals in a poulation remains stable, and mortality equals natality. factors like food supply and waste build up determine how long this lasts |
| death phase. what is significant about this phase? | environment is depleted of resources and waste has built up, mortality exceeds natality and beginning of death phase is where conjugation takes place, whereas until this point reproduction is asexual |
| What affects the lag phase | type of media, stage of growth of inoculum, temperature, pH, species, size of inoculum |
| synchronous graph | looks like steps |
| asynchronous graph | looks like a exponential line |
| chemostat | microbial culture is kept in a state of continuous stationary growth by being given food at a fixed rate and harvested to keep culture volume constant |
| generation time | time it takes for cells to double in number or time in which cell are created to time in which cell is capable of reproducing |
| generation time calculation | N= logb- loga/ log2 where the log is the number of zeros |
| psychrophile, example? | cold loving bacteria between 0-40 C with optimum being 20-25 C, example is Serratia and micrococcus |
| Mesophile, example? | moderate temperature lover, range from 10-60 C with optimum being 37 C, example is E coli |
| Thermophile | heat loving bacteria, with a growth range of 40-99 C and optimum being 60-90 C |
| below pH optimum there is too much | H+ |
| above pH optimum there is too much | OH- |
| acidophile | bacteria that love acidic environments, ranging from 0-6.5 and optimum being 3 |
| biohydrometallurgy | mining of metals using biological organisms |
| Neutrophiles (and example) | growth range is 4-11 with optimum being 7, E coli and staph are examples |
| alkaliphiles (and example) | bacteria that live in basic ph conditions with range of 7.5 to 14 and optimum being 11, example is cholera |
| two most common forms of radiation with respect to bacteria and what can visible light cause | UV light and visible light. photo-oxidation |
| obligate halophiles (example) | organisms that need salt but on with 1-2% concentration, E coli |
| facultative halophile | can live with or without salt with range being 0-15%. staph is an example |
| extreme halophile | above 15% salt |
| surface area to moisture ratio. Is it better to be a smaller cell or a bigger one? and resistance is greater as gram negative or positive? | the greater the surface area, the more likely to lose moisture as well as gram positive having greater resistance |
| Name a gram positive bacteria that has the greatest resistance to moisture loss | micrococcus luteus, staph aureus and staph epidermis |
| strict aerobe in an agar stab (where is it located and name one) | bacillus, located at top |
| microaerophiles | need minimal oxygen and would grow just under the surface of the agar. example is micrococcus |
| facultative anaerobe | lives with or without oxygen and example is staph |
| strict or obligate anaerobes | cannot live in oxygen presence, example is clostridium |
| most eurythermal group | thermophiles because growth range is largest |
| most stenohaline group | obligate halophiles |
Created by:
Lyd543
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