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Pathophysiology 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathology | traits, causes and effects of abnormal conditions that cause measurable changes in structure and function |
| homeostasis | internal stability of the body |
| symptoms | negative characteristics or departure from normal status |
| signs | abnormal objective findings |
| syndrome | defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a disorder or condition |
| pathogenesis | stages of development of a disease |
| acute illness | abrupt onset of symptoms that run a brief course |
| chronic illness | disease that develops slowly and lasts longer than 6b months |
| systemic health | also "internal equilibrium", preserved by numerous organs and structures that work to meet specific cellular needs |
| acute inflammation | normal protective physiologic response to tissue injury/disease. accompanied by redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function. |
| infection | caused by pathogens, signs are redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands. symptoms are fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite |
| endogenous | means inside of body |
| exogenous | means outside of body |
| Superbugs | virulent antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria |
| types of pathogens | bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa |
| Benign neoplasm | develops slowly, arises from any tissue, resembles tissue of origin, rarely recurs after removal |
| malignant neoplasm | tumor that's variable in appearance and disorderly, can invade other tissues, metastasis makes neoplasm more difficult to eradicate |
| karyotype | an ordered arrangement of photographs of a full chromosome set |
| genes | small stretches of a DNA molecule, situated at a particular site on a chromosome |
| autosomal dominant | dominant gene in inheritance |
| autosomal recessive | recessive gene in in heritance |
| x-linked/sex-linked recessive gene | the gene is only on the x chromosome so two x's are needed |
| cancer | a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation |
| TNM staging system | system to determine the stage of cancer using size and extent of primary tumor, the extent of lymph node involvement, and number of distant metastases |
| hypersensitivity | allergy go brr |
| autoimmune diseases | an inappropriate or excessive response of the body's defense system |
| immunodeficiency | a depressed or absent immune response |
| chemical agents | infectious agents that can cause severe toxic trauma |
| psychological factors | factors that encompass the observation of behavior, appearance, mood, communication, judgement, and thought processes |
| mental disorder | behavioral or psychological syndromes associated with psychic pain or impairment of function |
| holistic medicine | medicine that focuses on needs, considers anything mental and emotional, very compassionate care |
| gene therapy | experimental intervention repairs or blocks the expression of specific genes to treat disease |
| stem cell research | regenerative medicine, daughter cell has the potential to become another stem cell or differentiate, has resulted in great advances in medicine |
| nociceptors | specialized nerve endings meant to feel pain |
| acute pain symptoms | blood pressure and pulse increase |
| chronic pain symptoms | weight loss/gain, insomnia, anorexia, inability to life |
| acute pain relief | narcotics or opioid related drugs |
| chronic pain relief | NSAIDs, antidepressants, antoconvulsants |
| nontraditional medicine | therapies complementary to traditional medicine like massage, herbs, diet and nutrition |
| integrative medicine | medicine that integrates mainstream medicine and CAM, combines practices from alt medicine w/ conventional medicine |
| patient teaching | teaching patient about their condition and generally informing them about things |
| addressing patient concerns | explaining any special preparation and purpose for test, explaining procedures, answering questions, saying what to expect |
| preoperative care | offering reasonable assurance, reviewing preoperative instructions given, asking patient if they understand everything, arrange for any blood work, radiology, or scans |
| postoperative care | reassurance about pain control and what to expect in recovery process, explain complications, give written instructions, make appropriate referrals to support groups |
| embryonic period | first 2 months of gestational period |
| month 1 | arm and leg buds form, heart forms and beats, body systems form |
| month 2 | head as big as body, major brain regions present, ossification starts, blood vessels |
| month 3 | face starts developing, nails, urine forms, fetus moves |
| month 4 | more face starts to form, hair on head |
| month 5 | mother feels fetal movement, fetus covered in hair, eyebrows visible |
| month 6 | skin is reddish, skin wrinkled |
| month 7 | eye open, capable of survival, scrotum develops |
| month 8 | testes descend into scrotum |
| month 9 | skin fades to pink, nails reach tips of fingers |
| month 10 | skin smooth and plump, hair shed, fetus turns upside down |
| congenital anomalies | anomalies that can vary in severity. not detected until later in infancy or childhood. |
| genetic disorders/syndromes | a form of congenital anomaly, the result of an abnormal gene taking up residence on one of 22 pairs of chromosomes |
| amniocentesis | taking a fluid sample from amniotic sac between 15th and 18th week of pregnancy. allows fluid to be tested and cells to be examined for abnormalities |
| prenatal diagnosis | diagnosis that defines a congenital disorder |
| conjoined twins | when identical twins fail to separate before the 13th day after fertilization |
| preterm birth/prematurity | birth before the 37th gestational week, results in underdeveloped and short gestation infant |
| bronchopulmonary dysplasia | a chronic lung disease, results after an insult to the neonate's lungs. lungs are stiff, obstructed, and hard to ventilate |
| retrolental fibroplasia | abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retinas of infant's eyes |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | an acute inflammatory process caused by ischemic necrosis of mucosal lining of the small intestine, large intestine, or both. a condition of premature infants that develops after birth |
| robinow syndrome | condition of small stature, bulging forehead, depressed nasal bridge, malaligned teeth, and short limbs |
| cri-du-chat syndrome/cat's cry syndrome | a rare disorder that usually results in stillborn children, and the ones who do survive have a small head, loads of developmental disorders or problems. their cries sounds like |
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | a congenital disorder, a portion of the heart muscle thickens with no apparent cause, a major cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes who were otherwise healthy |
| down syndrome | syndrome where individual has 47 instead of 46 chromosomes, resulting in mild to severe intellectual development as well as certain facial characteristics and physical abnormalities |
| Cerebral palsy | group of disorders involving cerebral and nervous system functions that deal with movement, learning, hearing, sight, and thinking. May be congenital or acquired |
| Muscular dystrophy | a progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles, usually diagnosed soon after birth or during early childhood |
| spina bifida | a group of malformations of the spine in which the posterior portion of the bony canal containing the spinal cord is completely or partially absent |
| spina bifida occulta | a defect where the posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, but there is no herniation. no spinal cord or spinal nerve involvement. |
| meningocele | the second level of failure of the spinal column fusing, the meninges protrude through an opening in the spinal column, forming a sac of cerebrospinal fluid |
| myelomeningocele | a protrusion of the portion of the spinal cord and meninges through a defect in the lumbar region, most severe form of spina bifida, infant has musculoskeletal malformation, immobile joints, or paralysis of lower extremities |
| hydrocephalus | the amount of CSF is increased or blocked, resulting in abnormal enlargement of the head and characteristic pressure changes in the brain. fontanels bulge, sutures of skull separate, scalp veins become distended. |
| anencephaly | most severe form of neural tube defect, occurs early in gestation. the anencephalic fetus/neonate has no cranial vault and little cerebral tissue |
| congenital cardiac defects | developmental anomalies of the heart, present at birth, causes mild to fatal stress of the cardiac muscle |
| acyanotic defects | oxygenated blood does not mix with deoxygenated blood, infant maintains a normal pink skin color |
| ventricular septal defect | most common congenital cardiac disorder, abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles, characteristic murmur is harsh and holosystolic |
| patent ductus arteriosus | when the ductus fails to functionally close, patent ductus short circuits, shunting circulation from lungs , directs blood from pulmonary trunk to aorta |
| atrial septal defect | abnormal opening between the right and left atria, size and location varies. can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and frequent respiratory tract infections. heard as a systolic cardiac murmur. |
| cyanotic defects | a sign that the atrial blood is not fully oxygenated, the infant is cyanotic. |
| clubfoot | nontraumatic deformity of the foot of a newborn where the anterior half is adducted and inverted |
| developmental dysplasia of the hip | abnormal development of the hip joint, ranging from an unstable joint to a dislocated femoral head |
| cleft lip | a congenital birth defect consisting of one or more clefts in the upper lip |
| cleft palate | congenital birth defect where there is a hole in the middle of the roof of the mouth |
| cryptochidism | the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum |
| wilms tumor | a highly malignant neoplasm of the kidney that affects children under 10. Most common kidney tumor of childhood and 4th most common childhood cancer |
| phimosis | narrowing of the opening of the foreskin that leads to inability to retract foreskin, but its rare for this to not happen? can persist into adolescence. |
| congenital pyloric stenosis | a congenital disorder thats an obstruction associated with the pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach. causes episodes of projectile vomiting since the sphincter is narrowed or closed. |
| hirschprung disease | a congenital condition that's the impairment of intestinal motility that causes obstruction of the distal colon |
| cystic fibrosis | an autosomal recessive disorder, a chronic dysfunction of a gene called cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. primarily attacks lungs and digestive system |
| phenylketonuria | an inborn error in the metabolism of amino acids and causes brain damage and intellectual developmental disorder |
| klinefelter syndrome | male hypogonadism, appears in males after puberty with at least two x chromosomes and one or more y chromosome. |
| turner syndrome | chromosomal disease that occurs in females with a single sex chromosome. the child is born with immature or absent ovaries, and it appears short with low-set ears, swollen hands and feet, and webbing of the neck. |
| chickenpox | a highly contagious and acute viral infection common in children and young adults. superficial cutaneous lesions that begin as red macules that progress to papules then become vesicles that form crusts. |
| vaccine | a suspension of dead or attenuated organisms given to stimulate an active immune response that produces more or less permanent resistance |
| diphtheria | acute communicable disease that causes necrosis of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract |
| mumps | acute communicable viral disease causing inflammation and swelling of one or both parotid glands. |
| pertussis/whooping cough | highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract. has three stages: like a common cold but highly contagious, violent cough, and cough diminishing. |
| measles | acute, highly contagious viral disease. includes cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and photophobia. kid gets fever and rash that starts behind the ears, hairline, and forehead then progresses down the body. |
| rubella/german measles | highly contagious viral disease, resembles measles but has a shorter course and fewer complications |
| tetanus | an acute and potentially deadly systemic infection characterized by painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles. temp over 105, sweats profusely, stiff neck, tight jaw, spasms of facial muscles, difficulty swallowing. |
| Influenza | an acute, highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract. highest incidence is in school children, transmitted by droplet nuclei or direct contact with moist secretions. high fever, susceptible |
| Sudden infant death syndrome | the sudden and unpredicted death of an infant younger than 1 year of age. There is no discernable cause. |
| Croup | an acute, severe inflammation and obstruction of the respiratory tract. symptoms include hoarseness, fever, a harsh, high pitched cough, and stridor during inspiration caused by narrowing of the upper airways. |
| epiglottitis | the inflammation of the epiglottis. |
| acute tonsillitis | painful inflammatory and infectious process affecting the tonsils, patient has mild to severe sore throat, chills, fever, headache, malaise, anorexia, and muscle and joint pain. |
| adenoid hyperplasia | an abnormal enlargement of the lymphoid tissue located in the space above the soft palate of the mouth, causing a partial breathing blockage |
| asthma | chronic reversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity of the tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. a leading cause of chronic illness and school absenteeism in children. |
| bronchiolitis | inflammation of the bronchioles, usually caused by viruses. a common disease in infancy |
| infantile colic | intermittent distress in the newborn or during early infancy and has an unclear etiology. infant intermittently draws up legs, clenches fists, and cries as if in pain. infant may pass gas via mouth and rectum. they happen most in afternoon and evening. |
| helminth worm infestation | roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms can take up residence in GI tract. this is the presence of a worm in the intestinal tract. |
| Diarrhea | the rapid passage of stool through the intestinal tract, with a noticeable change in frequency, fluid content, appearance, and consistency. can rapidly cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance |
| vomiting | ejection of stomach contents through the mouth, a common symptom in infants and children |
| anemia | abnormal reduction in the concentration of RBCs or in the hemoglobin content of circulating blood. usually a symptom of various diseases. can lead to tissue hypoxia. |
| leukemia | a cancer of blood forming tissues, most common childhood malignancy. characterized by abnormal increase in the number of immature WBCs or undifferentiated blastocytes. |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | stems from incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood, resulting in excessive rates of RBC destruction. |
| lead poisoning | environmentally caused blood toxicity resulting from ingestion or inspiration of lead dust or particles. |
| reye syndrome | a combinatino of brain disease and fatty invasion of the inner organs, especially the liver. an acute and often fatal illness that affects children through age 15. |
| fetal alcohol syndrome | birth defects and other associated problems in infants born to women who consume alcohol during their pregnancy |
| diaper rash | a contact dermatitis, evident in diaper area as irritation or a rash. can be mild to severe. |
| neuroblastoma | cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, third most common childhood malignancy. arises from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells. symptoms include abdominal mass, abdominal pain/fullness, anemia, bone pain, fever, hypertension, and weight loss. |
| immune system | a complex response of the body to the invasion by foreign substances, the reason why someone who recovers from a specific infection doesn't get it again |
| lymphoid tissue | the tissue associated with the immune system |
| immunocompetent | When the immune system reacts appropriately to antigens and manages to maintain homeostasis |
| immunoincompetence | when the immune system does NOT manage antigens and homeostasis can be thrown out of balance |
| hyperactive responses | allergies. the immune response is excessive and activated by specific things |
| immunodeficiency disorders | disorders where immune system is inadequate |
| autoimmune disorders | disorders where the immune response is overactive and starts to respond to the wrong tissues (the individual's normal tissue) |
| Transplant Rejection or blood transfusion rejection | when the immune response attacks foreign tissues that aren't harmful |
| immunosuppressive | a trait drugs can have that suppress the immune system in able to accept a new organ or other body part |
| Hyperacute reaction | a reaction to a new organ where the body immediately rejects the organ, and it must be removed immediately. |
| acute rejection | occurs most often within first few weeks of organ transplant or when antirejection drugs become ineffectual |
| chronic rejection | organ rejection that occurs slowly over a period of months or years. vascular injury and inflammation of the tissues and cells of the organ contribute to the deterioration of the organ |
| immunogen | antigen, something foreign, body has antibodies to go against it |
| natural killer cells (NK) | cells that kill virus infected cells and tumor cells by secreting certain toxins |
| macrophages | cells that phagocytose bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances |
| polymorphonuclear neutrophils | also just called neutrophils, that also phagocytose bacteria |
| T cell | cells coded to seek out foreign invaders, there are several types of them |
| Cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) | cells that directly destroy virus infected cells, tumor cells, and allograft cells by releasing certain toxins or inducing apoptosis |
| Helper T cells | cells that stimulate the B cells to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce more antibodies. also activate cytotoxic tcells and macrophages |
| suppressor t cells | cells that inhibit both B and T cell activities and moderate immune response |
| memory t cells | cells that remain dormant until they are reactivated by the original antigen, allowing a more rapid response years after og exposure |
| immunoglobulins | coats B cells, giving them the ability to recognize foreign protein and stimulate an antigen-antibody reaction |
| active immunity | when a person has had previous exposure to a disease or pathogen or when a person receives immunizations against a disease to stimulate the production of an antibody |
| passive immunity | bypasses the body's immune response to afford the benefit of immediate antibody availability |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a progressive impairment of the immune system caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Affects many organ systems and is life threatening for the patient. |
| Common variable immunodeficiency | CVID, acquired B cell deficiency that results in decreased antibody production and/or function |
| selective immunoglobulin deficiency | immunodeficiency, patients with selective IgA deficiency fail to produce the normal levels of IgA. they usually dont experience symptoms, may have allergic reactions to things |
| x-linked agammaglobulinemia | condition characterized by near absence of serum immunoglobulins and increased susceptibility to infection |
| severe combined immunodeficiency | a group of disorders that result from a disturbance in the development and function of T cells with or without B cells. this leads to an absence of both cell-mediated immunity. |
| DiGeorge anomaly | congenital condition of immunodeficiency that results from defective development of the pharyngeal pouch system and presents with cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus, and hypocalcemia |
| Chronic Mucocutaneous candidasis | a group of disorders characterized by persistent and recurrent candidal (fungal) infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes. |
| Wiskott-aldrich syndrome | congenital disorder that is characterized by inadequate B and T cell function, thrombocytopenia, and eczema |
| autoimmune hemolytic anemia | autoimmune condition, RBCs are destroyed by antibodies |
| pernicious anemia | caused by chronic atrophic gastritis resulting in decreased gastric production of hydrochloric acid and a shortage of intrinsic factor. antibodies that are made are against intrinsic factor and parietal cells |
| Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | acquired disorder that results from isolated deficiency of platelets. |
| immune neutropenia | neutropenia, which is a decrease in neutrophils, caused by production of antineutrophil antibodies |
| goodpasture syndrome | autoimmune kidney disease characterized by the presence of antibodies directed against an antigen in the GBM. |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | chronic, inflammatory autoimmune characterized by unusual autoantibodies in the blood that target tissues of the body. |
| scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) | chronic progressive disease characterized by mostly by sclerosis of the skin, scarring of certain internal organs. either diffuse of limited, depending on extent and location of skin involvement. |
| sjogren syndrome | autoimmune disease manifests inflammation in the moisture-secreting glands of the body. |
| rheumatoid arthritis | chronic, inflammatory systemic disease that affects the joints, one of the most severe forms of arthritis, strikes at around 30-40 |
| juvenile idiopathic (rheumatoid) arthritis | rheumatoid arthritis in individuals under 16 |
| ankylosing spondylitis | systemic, progressive inflammatory disease affecting primarily the spinal column |
| polymyostisis | disease of muscle that features inflammation of the muscle fibers. muscles affected are usually those closest to trunk or torso |
| multiple sclerosis | inflammatory disease of CNS that attacks the myelin sheath and causes scarring that debilitates the nerves |
| myasthenia gravis | a chronic, progressive neuromuscular disease that is caused by autoantibodies to the acetylcholine receptor at nerve synapses |
| vasculitis | inflammation in the walls of blood vessels, then they become necrotic when it's obstructed by a thrombus, and an infarct of adjacent tissue results |
| small vessel vasculitis | a category of vasculitis that affects capillaries, arterioles, and venules |
| systemic necrotizing vasculitis | vasculitis that primarily affects medium and large arteries |
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