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Anatomy Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 3 Basic overall functions of the nervous system | sensory input, integration, motor output |
| sensory input | receptors are specialized nervous system structures, monitor changes in internal and external environment called stimuli |
| integration | after processing sensory info, the brain and spinal cord determine what response is required |
| motor output | brain and spinal cord initiate a response as motor info is relayed along neurons to structures called effectors |
| sensory/ afferent nervous system | responsible for receiving sensory info from receptors and transmitting this info to the CNS |
| info that goes from the receptors to the CNS is called | sensory input |
| motor/ efferent nervous system | responsible for initiating and and transmitting motor info from the CNS to the effectors |
| info from the CNS to effectors is called | motor output |
| CNS contains | brain, spinal cord, tracts, nuclei |
| The autonomic motor component has 2 subdivisions | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
| Motor divisions are subdivided into | somatic motor and autonomic motor |
| Sensory nervous system is subdivided into | somatic sensory and visceral sensory |
| Nervous system has 2 functional divisions | sensory nervous system and motor nervous system |
| Nervous system contains 2 anatomic divisions | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| PNS | cranial nerves, spinal nerves, sensory receptors, ganglia, efferent motor endings |
| characteristics of a neuron | excitability, conductivity, secretion, longevity, amitotic |
| excitability | is responsiveness to a stimulus |
| conductivity | ability to move an electrical change along the plasma membrane |
| secretion | neurons release neurotransmitters in response to conductive activity |
| longevity | most neurons formed during fetal development are still functional in very elderly individuals |
| amitotic | during fetal development, most neurons lose the ability to form new cells through cell division |
| 4 segments of the neuron | receptive, initial, conductive, transmissive |
| 3 types of neuron based on function | sensory neuron, motor neurons, interneuron |
| sensory neuron | neuron of sensory nervous system, responsible for conducting sensory input from somatic and visceral sensory receptors, most are unipolar |
| motor neurons | neurons of the motor nervous system conducting motor output away from the CNS to somatic and autonomic effectors. all motor neurons are multipolar |
| interneurons | lie entirely in CNS. they receive, process, and store info and decide how the body responds to stimuli |
| 4 types of neuron based on structure | multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, anaxonic |
| multipolar | have many dendrites and a single axon that extend from the cell body |
| bipolar | one dendrite and one axon |
| unipolar | single, short neuron process that emerges from cell body and branches like T |
| anaxonic | have only dendrites and no axons |
| nerve level of organization | organ |
| neuron is organization level | cell |
| 4 types of neuroglia in CNS | astrocytes, ependymal, microglia, oligodendrocytes |
| astrocytes | help form blood-brain barrier, regulate interstitial fluid composition, form structural support, assist neuronal development, alter synaptic activity, occupy the space of dying neurons |
| ependymal cells | ciliated simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells that line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord. Slender process branch to make contact w/ glial cells in surrounding nervous tissue |
| microglia | only 5% protect CNS from against microorganisms by destroying them through phagocytes. also remove debris from dead nervous tissue |
| oligodendrocytes | wrap around and insulate axons to form a myelin sheath |
| 2 types of neuroglia in PNS | satellite cells and Schwann cells |
| satellite cells | flattened cells arranged around neuronal cell bodies their surround interstitial fluid. function electrically insulate the cell body and regulate continuous exchange nutrients and waste products between cell bodies and their environment |
| Schwann cells | wrap around and insulate axons in PNS to form a myelin sheath through myelination allows faster action potential propagation along an axon in the PNS |
| myelin color | white and glossy |
| Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes produce | myelin |
| types of protein channels | leakage, chemically gated, voltage-gated, modality-gated |
| leakage | always open, allowing continuous diffusion of a specific type of ion from a region of high concentration to low concentration |
| chemically-gated | normally closed, temporarily open in response to neurotransmitter |
| voltage-gated | normally closed, open in response to electrical charge changes across plasma membrane |
| modality-gated | on dendrite endings of sensory neurons, open/close to sensory stimulus, ex. temp, light, pressure |
| polarity | difference of charge in axon membrane - charge on inside + charge on outside |
| resting membrane potential | -70mV |
| where is the Na/K ion pump | plasma membrane of neuron |
| minimum threshold | -55 mV |
| depolarization | change in membrane potential or voltage to a positive value |
| repolarization | change in membrane potential from a depolarized value back to the resting value |
| continuous conduction | speed of transmission - slower myelin? - unmyelinated location of voltage gated channels - axon membrane through the entire length |
| saltatory conduction | speed of transmission - faster myelin? - myelinated location of volatge- gated channels - at the nodes for propagation |
| analgesia | the absence of pain, person is still conscious |
| white matter | myelinated axons |
| gray matter | neuron cell bodies |
| folds of the cerebral cortex | increase surface area of the brain |
| gyrus | elevated ridge of tissue |
| sulcus | shallow groove |
| cerebellum | second largest part of the brain, helps with timing and coordination of our movements, making them smooth and precise |
| pineal gland | produces the hormone melatonin, helps regulate sleep cycles |
| thalamus | functions to focus attention, has task of filtering numberless sum of impulses that flood into our brain, acts like valve or control device |
| hypothalamus | controls overall homeostasis of body, in charge of autonomic nervous system, influences heart rate, blood pressure and digestive tract motility, regulates feelings of thirst/ appetite, control center for body temp, regulates secretion |
| pituitary gland | produces 6 hormones, and stores 2 |
| brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| midbrain | contains nuclei |
| pons | bridge- like structure, composed of conduction tracts and nuclei for several |
| medulla oblongata | works w/ hypothalamus to control ANS ( heart rate, bp, cough) |
| tract | bundle of axon. fibers in CNS |
| Cerebrospinal fluid CSF function | liquid cushion that helps nourish and protect the brain and spinal cord, circulates nourishment, reduces weight of brain by 97% |
| CSF circulates through.. | the 4 ventricles, around the cerebrum, then down spinal cord |
| CSF is derived from | blood plasma |
| what does cilia of ependymal cells do | helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid |
| where is CSF produced | choroid plexus |
| 3 meninges from outermost to innermost | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
| dura mater | venous drainage system |
| arachnoid mater | support cerebral arteries and veins |
| pia mater | covers small blood vessels, help form CSF |
| arachnoid villus | absorption of CSF occurs, they are fingerlike extensions of arachnoid mater that project through dura mater into dural venous sinuses |
| subarachnoid fluid | contains cerebrospinal fluid |
| dural venous sinus | filled with blood |
| spinal cord ends around | L1-L2 |
| 31 pair of spinal nerves | they are mixed nerves |
| posterior root ganglion | contains cells bodies of sensory neurons |
| cauda equina ganglion | spinal nerve roots within the vertebral canal inferior to the tapered inferior end of the spinal cord |
| conus medullaris | terminal end of the spinal cord |
| dermatome | specific segment of skin supplied by a spinal nerve |
| SPAM | sensory posterior anterior motor |
| spinal reflex | spinal |
| cranial reflex | brain |
| somatic reflex | skeletal muscle as effector |
| visceral reflex | smooth muscle gland as effector |
| monosynaptic reflex | only a sensory or motor neuron lacks interneuron |
| polysynaptic reflex | one or more interneuron positioned between sensory and motor neuron |
| ipsilateral reflex | when both the receptors and effector organs are on the same side of the spinal cord |
| contralateral reflex | reflex that involves an effector on opposite side of body from the receptor that detected the stimulus |
Created by:
izzygl
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