click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
IOC4 WGU
Term | Description |
---|---|
Olmecs | Gulf Coast |
Pawnee | Nebraska/Platte River |
Cherokee | Trail of Tears (Southeast, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, & Tennessee) |
Mayans | Southern Mexico/Yucatan |
Inca | Peru/Chile |
Aztec | Mexico |
Nez Perce | Idaho/Oregon |
Christopher Columbus | Funded by Queen Isabella of Spain |
Christopher Columbus | Sailed with Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria |
Christopher Columbus | Landed in San Salvador (mistaken for Indies) & explored Cuba |
Hernan Cortez | Sailed from Cuba to Mexico |
Hernan Cortez | Founded Vera Cruz & Conquered the Aztec Empire in 1591 |
Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Crossed Isthmus of Panama & Discovered Pacific Ocean |
Ferdinand Magellan | Sailed on 3 year voyage around the world |
Francisco Pizarro | Overtook the Inca in Peru/Established Lima & Peru |
Hernando de Soto | Traveled from FL to Carolinas/moved westward to Mississippi River |
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado | traveled to KS (west of Grand Canyon) |
Encomienda | Opression of Native Americans by the Spanish |
Conquistidors | Soldiers who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people |
Conquistidors | Also known as Encomienda; Seized land, increased taxes, and forced natives into slavery |
Requerimeinto | Document threatening to enslave Native Amercians if Spanish demands were not meet |
Black Legend | Description of Spaniards oppression of Native Americans |
The Great Migration | Result of persecution of the Puritans in the 1630's |
Toleration Act | Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ |
Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided land between Spain & Portugal |
Cabot | Explored East Coast of North America |
Da Gama | Sailed around Africa to India |
Da Gama | Opened first all water trade route between Europe & Asia |
Verrzonno | First European to sight NY |
Polo | Inspired Columbus with descriptions of the Far East |
Jamestown | 1607; Chesapeake Bay, VA |
Jamestown | John Smith lead colony; John Rofe married Pocahontas |
Jamestown | Colony failed due to food shortages, Indian attacks, malaria, diseases, distractions caused by gold digging |
William Bradford | First governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod |
Roger Williams | Founder of Rhode Island in 1636 |
William Penn | Founder of PA and the Quakers |
New England | Puritan settlement including MA, RI, CT; Bay colony relying on fishing, whaling, fur trade. Boston was the major trading center. It was mercantile class dominated and ties with England diminished |
Mid-Atlantic | VA, MD; Rural agricultural economy of tobacco & cotton; Slavery existed and exchange of goods with England was kept by upper class |
Southern | NC, SC, GA; agricultural economy of rice, cotton, & tobacco; Slavery and cash crops were dominant; Charleston was a major port and strong ties with England ensued due to trading |
Sugar Act | 1764; Great Britain taxed colonies on sugar, molasses, wine, and cloth |
Stamp Act | 1765; Required an official stamp on all documents; John Adams "Pot is set to boil" |
Tea Act | 1773; Allowed British East Indie tea co. to sell tea to colonies w/out paying tax; end result was Boston Tea Party |
Declaratory Act | Asserted British governments right to impose taxes |
Townsend Act | Duty tax, search, & seizure |
Quartering Act | British soldiers were permitted to live in colonists homes for free |
Boston Massacre | 6 colonists shot in Boston during fight between colonists & British troops |
Trail of Tears | 1838; government forced 15,000 Cherokee to leave GA for OK; 4,000 casualities suffered enroute |
Manifest Destiny | Belief that U.S. had a divine mission to expand & spread democracy & freedom |
Louisana Purchase | Purchased for $15 million in 1803 by President Jefferson; the largest single addition to the U.S. |
Annexation of Texas | 1845; securing of TX from Mexico |
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | The U.S. acquired territories at the end of the Mexican War in 1848; now known as New Mexico, AZ, CA, & parts of CO, UT, & NV |
Gadsden Purchase | U.S. purchase of what is now the southern border of AZ & NM from Mexico in 1853 |
Alaska | 1867; Purchased for over $7 million largely because of William Seward |
Hawaii | Annexation of the islands & added to U.S in 1898 w/support of President McKinley |
North | Industrial economy; opposed slavery |
South | Agricultural economy; supported slavery |
Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA a free state |
Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854; allowed new states to decide slavery; anti-slavery movement used KS as focal point to stop slavery |
The movement | fueled by 1853 publication of Unlce Tom's Cabin. a portrayal of cruelties of slavery and rallying point for movement against it |
Dred Scott Decision | Supreme Court ruled owners could take their private property (slaves) into free territory |
John Brown | John Brown carried out raid on Federal Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA; result was open rebellion |
Anti-slavery movement | 1861; Northerners were not willing to compromise with Southerners & Southerners did not want any limits on slavery |
Emancipation Proclamation | 1863; Lincoln published document after no compromise reached ending slavery in the rebelling states |
Reconstruction | Attempt by abolitionist to revamp southern states to destroy any trace of slave culture |
Post WWI | Economy of U.S. expanded at unprecedented rates |
Buying on credit | Became commonplace after WWI; by 1929 more than $7 billion was owed to creditors |
Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Began in October, and by end of 1929, over $25 billion of investments had been lost |
Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Banks wereforced to close & Congress passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff attempting to increase revenues |
Franklin Roosevelt | 1932; New Deal proposing legislation to boost busniess & assist people; created FDIC; SSA of 1935 created safety net; beginning of federal government taking role in everyday economy |
George Washington | "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a Precedent" |
James Madison | "It is devoutly wished on my part, that these precedents may be fixed on true principles" |
Thomas Jefferson | Louisana Purchase; commissioned Lewis & Clarke |
Abraham Lincoln | Civil War; ended slavery |
Franklin D. Roosevelt | New Deal; created reform programs |
John F. Kennedy | Space program, civil rights, & Vietnam |
Richard Nixon | Diplomatic opening w/China; Watergate |
Dwight Eisenhower | General during WWII |
Woodrow Wilson | President during WWII |
Immigration | surged due to demand for labor; between 1866-1915 25 million foreigners came to U.S. |
Steel | surged after 1865 driven by need for steam, oil, steel, & coal |
Railroad | Transcontinental RR completed in 1869; beginning of development of cities reducing families living on farms |
Unionization | Due to increased educated public, damand for better wages, working conditions, & job security |
WWI | Began in 1914 in Europe the U.S. was determined to remain neutral; entered 3 years later as Russia on verge of revolution |
WWII | Forced into war by Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor; U.S. aided England & France; supplied half man power and 3/4 materials for invasion of Europe on D-Day in 1944 |
Major U.S. events post WWII | Cold War ('45-'90); Korean War ('50-'53); Post-War Baby Boom; Civil Rights Movement; Vietnam War; Space Program/ Moon Landing ('61-'69); Fall of Soviet Union; & Rise of Terrorism |
Relief Map | Maps show contour lines or shaded areas to indicate elevation |
Climate Map | Use contour lines or shading to show long term conditions |
Political Map | Use lines or colors to show boundaries, populations, & affiliations |
Topographical Map | Uses lines & colors to show elevation & landform shapes to show 3D shapes in 2D. Lines close together show steep inclines; lines far apart show flat terrain |
Physical Map | Use colors, lines, symbols, tints, & shading to show physical characteristics; oftenr show roads or other objects |
Gerard Mercator | created 1st projection map in 16th century |
Conic Projections | Created in 20th Century; superimposed a cone on globe |
Equal-Area Projections | Maps today use equal-area projections with horizontal parallels. |
Robinson | 1963; used by U.S. geographic service; National Geography society; shows features w/out interruption or little distortion |
Characteristics of Ecosystems | Dynamic; interaction among living and non-living members; self-sustaining; biomes are mutually supportive |
Tundra | cold temps; permafrost; no trees/tall plants; shrubby vegetations w/roots that don't penetrate subsoil; mosquitoes because of standing water |
Tropical Forest | Variable rainfall; wet and dry seasons; high amounts of light; # of high tree species; unusually high # of species |
Desert | Less than 30 cm of annual rainfall; aren't always hot, some cold at night, some cold year round; cacti-succulents; desert mice, snakes, nocturnal species |
Grassland | Seasonal drought; periodic fires; grasses predominant vegetation; nutrients stored underground; birds, small rodents, grazing mammals (bison) |
Savannah | Alternate rainy seasons with periods of drought; peridoic fires; perennial grasses, flowering trees, fire adapted; large herbivores (zebras), their predators (lions), predominant herbivores are insects (ants and termites) |
Freshwater Biomes | less than 1% salt concentration; only cover a small area of Earth's surface; include swamps, ponds, & lakes |
Marine Biomes | 3% salt concentration; ocean biomes are found throughout 75% of Earth's surface |
Rivers | Moving water; oxygen content of water is generally high |
Maya | Flourished in rain forest of southern Mexico until 900 A.D. when climate changed |
Hohokam | Moved to present day AZ as climate became more arid; developed irrigation canals |
Elevation | Earth grows colder at higher elevations; temps drop 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of altitude above sea level |
Latitude | As Earth tilts and rotates, various areas receive more direct rays from sun |
Deforestation | Destruction of large areas of forest due to clear cutting by humans |
Global Warming | Use of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, & gasoline has increased levels of carbon dioxide in lower atmospher |
Energy Development | Petrolrum production has negative impact by increaing human activity; hyrdroelectric projects alter terrain |
Population Growth | As human population increases, farming, construction, mining, & energy development decrease |
Political policies of U.S. | Dictated by presence or lack of natural resources |
U.S. Demand for Petroleum | Dictated that the U.S. will be involved in mid-east countries to protect oil supply |
Japan after WWI | Emerged after WWI as world power & industrial giant; did not have natural resources (iron ore, rubber, oil) |
Consumption of Natural Resources | As demand increases, the ability to keep supply and cost down decreases |
Russian crude oil supply | Russia has become major supplier of crude oil driving economy to growth and causing potential to over-expand |
Demarcations of political units | Mountains, rivers, lakes, oceans, deserts, swamps, & forests |
Dictate political boundaries | Physical features, cultural areas, & geometric lines |
Factors determining population growth | economic opportunity, political conditions, climate, natural resources, real estate, & pricing |
Factors influencing how society develops | Climate, locations, natural boundaries, technology, & natural resources |
Renewable Resources | Paper, glass, & aluminum |
Non-Renewable Resources | Raw petroleum, iron, copper, & uranium |
President | Commander/Chief |
Vice President | Leader of Senate |
Legislative Branch | Congress, House of Rep., & Senate |
Congress | Declare war, maintain military, regulate commerce, & coin money |
House of Representatives | Two year terms; number of representatives per state based on state's population |
House of Representatives | Tax laws, power to impeach President, decide if gov. officials go to trial |
House of Representatives | 435 members |
Senate | 100 members |
Senate | 6 year term |
Senate | Power to remove official from office; hold trials for govt. officials |
Senate | Confirm/disapprove treaties or Presidential appts. |
Judicial Branch | Supreme Court |
Supreme Court | Highest court in U.S. |
Federal Court | Lower than Supreme Court; created in Congress |
Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 | Gave judges appts. for life |
Stare decisis | Courts should attempt to follow precedents set in previous cases |
Unity | Federal governemnt can make decisions binding on all lower levels of govt. |
Inefficiency | Designed so no level of govt. could become tyrannical |
Administration | National govt. can hire experts/skilled admin. |
Participation | Examples including voting in local, state, & national elections |
National Power | Govt. excerpts power over states by direct orders, preemption of auth., & grants in aide |
State Power | States have limited power over fed. govt.; can excercise power through lobbying |
Fundamental Federalism | 1787-1860; the basic rules of federalism were established |
Dual Federalism | 1853-1933; National & state govts. had distinct jurisdicitions & didn't intrude upon each other |
Cooperative Federalism | 1933-1968; National govt. stepped in when states were unable to solve problems |
Coercive Federalism | 1968-1990's; National govt. assumed so much power that state & local govts. were reduced to minor roles |
Devolutionary Federalism | 1990's-Present; Govt. begun transferring auth. back to each state |
Strength of U.S. 2 party system | Allows for greater representation of people |
Weakness of U.S. 2 party system | Excludes any opinions outside of 2 parties |
Magna Carta | Britain; 1215; Need royal assent for bill to become law |
Declaration of Independence | Rally colonists against Britain; promised equality of men, right to be free & pursuit happiness |
Articles of Confederation | 1777; Left too much power to states & not enough to govt. |
Constitution | Framers challenged to write a form of govt. that would adhere to principles fought for in Revolutionary War |
Bill of Rights | Citizens felt Constitution was not enough & insisted Bill of Rights be added before radification |
5th Amendment | Protection for person accused of crime |
Grand Jury | Decides if there is enough evidence against accused |
Double Jeopardy | No person can be charged again for a crime they have been found innocent for in a court of law |
Testify | No person can be forced to testify against themselves |
14th Amendment | Life, liberty, & property protected on state level |
Property | Can't be taken by govt. for good of people w/out compensation |
No Person May Lose | Life, liberty, or property except by due process of law |
Marbury v. Madison | 1803; Unconstitutional to force appointments |
Dred Scott | 1857; Missouri Compromise unconstitutional |
Plessy v. Ferguson | Challenged the Separate railroad car act of 1892; Court upheld act |
Brown v. Board of Education | Court ruled separate but equal education unconstitutional |
Roe v. Wade | 1973; Woman has right to terminate pregnancy |
George Washington | 1st U.S. President; set precedent for future Presidents |
Rosa Parks | Sparked Civil Rights movement by refusing to move to back of bus |
Jackie Robinson | 1st Black Major League Baseball player in 1947 |
Susan B. Anthony | Paved the way for women's rights, led to 19th Amendment |
Cesar Chavez | Founded the Farm Workers Assoc.; Organized migrant workers through CA in 1960's |
Federalists | Represented educated property owners, supported Constitution, promised Bill of Rights |
Anti-Federalists | Worried about a centralized govt. w/too much power, wanted to keep govt. local, Insisted on Bill of Rights |
Article I | Legislative branch of govt. |
Article II | Executive branch of govt. |
Article III | Judicial branch of govt. |
Article IV | Directions for states; laws, records, court decisions |
Article V | Amending the Constitution |
1st Amendment | Five Freedoms: Speech, religion, press, assemble, peacefully protest |
2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms |
3rd Amendment | Quatering soldiers |
4th Amendment | Unreasonable search/seizure |
5th Amendment | Right to due process |
6th Amendment | Due process continued |
7th Amendment | Civil Law |
8th Amendment | Bail, fines, cruel punishment |
9th Amendment | Protection of unlisted rights |
10th Amendment | Power of states & people |
11th Amendment | Suits against the states |
12th Amendment | Electing Pres./VP |
13th Amendment | Slavery ended |
14th Amendment | Citizens rights in the states |
15th Amendment | Voting of African Americans |
16th Amendment | Income Tax |
17th Amendment | Election of Senators/6 Year Term |
18th Amendment | Prohibition of alcohol |
19th Amendment | Right to vote for women |
20th Amendment | Exec. & Legisl. Terms of office |
21st Amendment | Repeal of Prohibition |
22nd Amendment | President restricted to two-four year terms |
23rd Amendment | Right to vote in District of Columbia |
24th Amendment | Poll tax prohibited |
25th Amendment | Presidential succession |
26th Amendment | Voting age lowered to 18 |
27th Amendment | Laws changing congressional compensation |