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Combined Sets

Exploration - 1763+1763 - 1789+1790 - 1823+1790 - 1824+1860 - 1895+1915 - 1931+1932 - 1945

Term	Description	Significance
Christopher Columbus	1451-1506; Columbus was born in Genoa, but he was a trader and explorer who sailed under the Spanish rule.	He was given credit for discovering the Americas, when he only made it to the Caribbean. Was actually trying to journey to India by traveling through the Western Hemisphere.
Amerigo Vespucci	1454-1512; a Genoese merchant navigator and sea explorer	Explored the eastern coast of South America and believed he had found a new continent, while others thought it was only another part of Asia.
Hernando Cortes	1485-1547; a Spanish conquistador	Led Spanish forces to conquer one of the strongest Indian tribes in history: the Aztecs.
Missionaries	Spiritual devotees who travel to lands looking to spread their religion	These people served as mediators helping the Spanish government.
Samuel de Champlain	French navigator and explorer	He helped other navigators map out the South American coast
Spanish Armada	Fleet of Spanish ships including Hapsburg and King Philip II of Spain	Used in the Anglo-Spanish war and Battle of Gravelines; defeated in 1588
Sir Walter Raleigh	1554-1618; an English explorer and friend to Elizabeth I	Founded Virginia and the Lost Colony. Also explored Guiana.
Roanoke	Founded by Sir Walter Raleigh off the coast of Virginia	Known as the "Lost Colony" because the whole colony of 117 people disappeared.
Virginia Company	English royal joint stock company established by James I in 1606.	Established the Jamestown settlement in 1607 by Chesapeake Bay
Jamestown	Named after King James I; permanent English colony	Was a disaster until John Smith came and helped the colonists.
Powhatan	Very powerful tribe leader of Native Americans	Father of Pocahontas; leader of 30 Algonquian tribes.
Captain John Smith	1580-1631; English soldier and sailor	Saved Jamestown colony from total destruction. Was captured by Powhatan but was saved by Pocahontas
John Rolfe	1585-1622; One of the early British settlers of America	Given credit for being the first to cultivate tobacco in America; married Pocahontas
Pocahontas	1595-1617 Daughter of Powhatan	Saved the life of John Smith and supplied Jamestown with food and information about attacks.
Maryland	Subsequent colony of Virginia	Provided a haven for Catholics
Plymouth	1st colony founded by the Pilgrims of England	1st town to incorporate the English Parliament
Mayflower Compact	Document drafted by the Pilgrims while they were still on the Mayflower.	The 1st governmental document of the Plymouth colony
William Bradford	1590-1657; leader of the Pilgrims who founded Plymouth	Started the Separatist church that was persecuted by the king of England
Massachusetts Bay Colony	a Puritan built colony	Predecessor of the Massachusetts Bay Province, and eventually Massachusetts the state.
John Winthrop	1587-1649; Governor of Massachusetts Bay in 1629	Led 11 vessels to the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans	Group of radical Protestants which developed in England after reformation	Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Pilgrims	group of English religious separatists	Established Plymouth colony; invented Thanksgiving
Roger Williams	1614-1684; An Anglo-American theologian, and proponent of separation of state and church	Co- founded Rhode Island
Anne Hutchinson	1591-1643, an unauthorized Puritan preacher of a dissident church discussion group, and pioneer of Rhode Island and the Bronx	After being banished as a heretic, led 60 followers to find Rhode Island
Pequot War	Massachusetts and Connecticut settlers and allies versus the Pequot	The settlers captured and killed most Pequot driving the tribe to near extinction
Restoration(of King Charles 2)	1660; Episode in history where monarchy was restored in England	He reneged on his pardon of those officials involved in his father’s death
John Locke	an English political philosopher	Started the concept of natural rights
Yamasee War	The Yamasee Indians versus the white settlers in South Carolina	the war took a heavy toll on South Carolina, it took 10 years before it began to be resettled.
New Netherland	Originally known as New Amsterdam, it was land in the Northeast settled by the Dutch	This land became New York named after the Duke of York
Dutch West India Company	Company formed to conduct activities in West Africa and the Western Hemisphere	For a while, they experienced a monopoly. Settled on the lands of the former New Netherland company.
Iroquois League	Comprised of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca	Became a long time ally to the French
Quakers	Or Friends, formed by English shoemaker George Fox	Became the most despised sect in England because they offended so many segments of society
William Penn	one of the most famous Quakers. Founder of Philadelphia	Philadelphia was founded for Quakers to live without persecution. He was a true advocate for the freedom of Quakers
James E. Oglethorpe	a general and founder of Savannah and Augusta	Oglethorpe helped to discover what is present-day Georgia
Indentured servants	white servants who, under contract, had to work for a master for a certain amount of years in exchange for food, shelter and even money	this showed how bad it was for some settlers and Europeans to get work. Indentured servants were also much cheaper than slaves
Slavery	the incarceration of another human being and forcing them to do manual labor	Slavery became a problem between the North and the South and was an issue in the Civil war; began in America in 1609
Triangular trade	a trade system between the Carribean, West Africa, and Europe which involved the trade of slaves, molasses, rum, horses, and other things	Merchants could get rich off of this because American goods were bought at a very high price.
Salem Witch Trials	In Salem, Massachusetts, a series of events dealing with the accusation of women practicing witch craft.	This showed how a mixture of religion, fear, and jealousy could erupt into a frenzy.
Enlightenment	The Age of Reason, advocated rationality and system of ethics	It showed the changing mind of the world. The leaders of this movement were trying to lead the world from the irrational tradition.
Benjamin Franklin	A diplomat, scientist, writer, printer and political philosopher	Invented things such as bifocals, the lightning rod, and the Franklin stove.Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration. Published the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. Important in the Revolution era.
Great Awakening	It was a time where religious enthusiasm was encouraged. Many religions came about.	People, like John Edwards, began to challenge the old religious thinking ways. They developed new ways of thinking which led to new religions.
Jonathan Edwards	a Massachusetts minister famous for his sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God	Really sparked the Great Awakening. He developed a new style of preaching. He was very emotional with his sermons and gained a lot of critics.
George Whitefield	a preacher and assistant of John Wesley.	was the one who fully ignited the Great Awakening. His revival tour throughout the colonies drew huge crowds with his emotional sermons.
Mercantilism	it advocated that a nation should export more than it imported and accumulate bullion to make up the difference.	this idea was developed to try and solve the economic problems that the states were having while trying to build up the nations wealth
Navigation Acts	were acts passed to put mercantilism into action	it caused a stifling of manufacturing and increased resentment against the mother country
Glorious Revolution	refers to the throning of William and Mary	it was a step in the shift of power from the monarchy to Parliament
Social Contract	when a state was formed to guarantee the rights of the members of society	This was a stage derived from the natural rights theory
Colonial Assembly	represented the people of the towns and counties of the state	Government and law in the colonies represented an extension of the English government
King Philip’s War	war between the Wampanoag and the English settlers	this war was started because the English had taken too much land from the Wampanoag and the Wampanoag’s heavy dependence on the English.
Bacon’s Rebellion	Nathaniel Bacon and his army rebelled against Jamestown and the government.	the rebellion thwarted off Indian attacks. The tribes realized that they stood little chance against the settlers’. But political strength weakened.
Louisiana	Government and law in the colonies represented an extension of the English government	Most of the territory to the east of the Mississippi was lost to the Kingdom of Great Britain in the French and Indian War
French and Indian War	the French and their Indian allies fought against the Americans and the British.	This war led to what many believed was the first world war: the Seven Years War. French and British battles usually took place in Europe, but took place on American soil because of battle for land and allies
Seven Years War	this war began when the British declared war on the French.	the British won and they emerged as the world’s leading colonial empire. Tension began to arise involving America and Britain
The Albany Congress	a meeting held in Albany when native leaders, colonial officials, and representatives from Britain came together to discuss the war with France	Ben Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson drafted a proposal that called for new layers of government. The delegates at Albany approved it, but it was never ratified. Many others gatherings and congresses modeled themselves after the Albany Congress.
Peace of Paris (1763)	or the Treaty of Paris; was a treaty that ended the Seven Years War	it helped Britain emerge as the world’s leading colonial empire. France, Spain, and Britain all received and lost land as a result of this
King George III	Became King of England in 1760.	Oversaw the conquest of an empire in the Seven Year’s War and loss of the American Colonies in War of Independence.
Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	It was largely ignored by the colonists and made them question Britain’s care for them.
George Grenville	Prime Minister of Britain	He believed in reducing the financial burden on the British by enacting new taxes in the colonies.
Sugar Act of 1764	Actually lowered the tax on sugar and molasses (which the New England colonies imported to make rum as part of the triangular trade) from 6 cents to 3 cents a barrel, but for the first time adopted provisions that would insure that the tax was enforced	Created the vice-admiralty courts and made it illegal for the colonies to buy goods from non-British Caribbean colonies.
Currency Act of 1764	British legislation which banned the production of paper money in the colonies	Attempted to combat the inflation caused by Virginia's decision to get itself out of debt by issuing more paper money.
Stamp Act	Required that all legal or official documents used in the colonies, such as wills, deeds and contracts, had to be written on special, stamped British paper.	It was so unpopular in the colonies that it caused riots, and most of the stamped paper sent to the colonies from Britain was burned by angry mobs. Repealed in 1766.
Quartering Act	March 24, 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.	Part of the Intolerable Acts that were designed to secure England’s jurisdiction over the 13 colonies.
Whigs	British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution.	Opposed to the Tories. Name also used for American Patriots.
Tories	Another name for the British Conservative Party.	Term was also used to describe Loyalist colonists.
Sons and Daughters of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act.	They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept.
Virginia Resolves	May 30, 1765 - Patrick Henry's speech which condemned the British government for its taxes and other policies.	He proposed 7 "resolves" to show Virginia's resistance to the British policies, 5 of which were adopted by the Virginia legislature. 8 other colonies followed suit and had adopted similar resolves by the end of 1765.
Stamp Act Congress	A meeting in October of 1765 of delegates from the American Colonies that discussed and acted upon the recently passed Stamp Act	This Congress is viewed by some as the first American action in or as a precursor of the American Revolution.
William Pitt	British secretary of state during the French and Indian War	He brought the British/colonial army under tight British control and started drafting colonists, which led to riots.
Charles Townshend	Britain’s Chancellor of the Exchequer	Passed a series of revenue measures known as the Townshend Acts.
Townshend Acts	Taxed quasi-luxury items imported into the colonies, including paper, lead, tea, and paint	The colonial reaction was outrage and they instituted another movement to stop importing British goods.
John Dickinson	Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts	An outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies.
Samuel Adams	A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence.	Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. Served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and as Governor of Massachusetts
Boston Massacre	On March 5, 1770 a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials.	This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.
Paul Revere	rode through the countryside warning local militias of the approach of the British troops prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, although he was detained by the British shortly after setting out, and never completed his portion of the planned ride	Thanks to the advance warning, the militias were able to take the British by surprise.
Paxton Boys	A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons	Massacred a group of non-hostile Indians.
Committees of Correspondence	A body organized by the local governments of the American colonies for the purposes of coordinating written communication outside of the colony.	rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action, and so the network of committees were the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies.
Boston Tea Party	Colonials disguised as Indians boarded British ships and threw the tea overboard.	It was a reaction to the Tea Act of 1773 that was by Parliament to save the British East India Company from bankruptcy.
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)	Acts that included the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Quartering Act, and the Administration of Justice Acts.	The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) succeeded in uniting the colonies to take action against the Crown.
Continental Congress	Assembled on September 15, 1774 in Philadelphia with 55 delegates that represented twelve continental colonies.	Rejected the plan for a unified colonial government, stated grievances against the crown called the Declaration of Rights, and resolved to prepare militias.
Parliament	The British legislative body.	Passed acts in the mid-eighteenth century to exert control over the colonies.
Loyalist	Colonists who did not want to break away from Britain.	Made up about one-third of the American population.
Lexington and Concord	The colonial militias attempted to block the progress of British troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord and they were again attacked by the colonial militia.	This was the start of the Revolutionary War.
Second Continental Congress	Met in 1776 and drafted and signed the Declaration of Independence	Justified the Revolutionary War and declared that the colonies should be independent of Britain.
George Washington	Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army and successful commander in the French and Indian War.	He was the first President of the nation after the United States of America won its independence from Britain.
John Adams	A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence	He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence.
John Burgoyne	British general during the American Revolutionary War, infamous for his arrogance, pompous attitude, and vanity.	On October 17, 1777 at Saratoga he surrendered his army of 6,000 men.
Battle of Bunker Hill	British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies	First battle engaged by the Continental Army against British troops.
Declaration of Independence	The Declaration of Independence was signed by the Second Continental Congress on July 4	It dissolved the colonies' ties with Britain, listed grievances against King George III, and declared the colonies to be an independent nation.
Thomas Jefferson	He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence.	He later served as the third President of the United States.
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense	Published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence.	It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.
James Madison	His proposals for an effective government became the Virginia Plan, which was the basis for the Constitution.	He was responsible for drafting most of the language of the Constitution.
General William Howe	An English General who was Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American Revolutionary War.	On September 11, he defeated General Washington at the Battle of Brandywine and occupied Philadelphia on September 26th. He again defeated Washington at the Battle of Germantown on October 4, 1777. He then entered winter quarters at Philadelphia.
Lord Cornwallis	British General who fought against the Americans in many different battles during the Revolutionary War.	Most important one was the Battle of Yorktown and this led to the end of the Revolutionary War.
Trenton (Revolutionary War)	On December 26, 1776, Washington’s Army crossed the Delaware and surprised the British at Trenton.	Washington’s troops achieved total surprise and defeated the British forces. The American victory was the first of the war, and helped to restore American morale.
Continental Army	the unified command structure of the thirteen colonies fighting Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.	Most of the Continental Army was disbanded on November 3, 1783 after the Treaty of Paris.
Hessians	German soldiers loyal to King George III who fought for Britain in the Revolutionary War.	Most famous for being surprised and defeated at Trenton by American forces under General George Washington, whose army had just crossed the Delaware River in the dead of night on December 25, 1776.
Valley Forge	Valley Forge is the story of the six month encampment of the Continental Army of the newly formed United States of America under the command of General George Washington, a few miles away from Pennsylvania.	Though no battle was fought here from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778, a struggle against the elements and low morale was overcome on this sacred ground.
Marquis De Lafayette	French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War.	He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies.
Philadelphia (Revolutionary War)	On September 28th, 1777 General Howe and his men occupied Philadelphia.	This was done after pushing Washington’s forces back.
Saratoga	Burgoyne was defeated by American General Horatio Gates on October 17, 1777, at the Battle of Saratoga, surrendering the entire British Army of the North.	The Battle of Saratoga was the turning point for the French to enter the war.
Nathaniel Greene	A major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War	Emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer.
Yorktown	While marching from Virginia to New York, British commander Lord Cornwallis became trapped in Yorktown on the Chesapeake Bay. His troops fortified the town and waited for reinforcements. The French navy, led by DeGrasse, blocked their escape.	After a series of battles, Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War.
Peace of Paris, 1783	This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies.	granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.
Republican Government	A political community whose organization rests on the principle that the citizens or electorate constitute the ultimate root of legitimacy and sovereignty.	America was founded on these principles.
Articles of Confederation	The first governing document of the United States of America	The Articles' weakness was that they gave the federal government so little power that it couldn't keep the country united. The Articles' only major success was that they settled western land claims with the Northwest Ordinance. Abandoned for Constitution.
Robert Morris	An American merchant and a signatory to the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the United States Constitution	Morris was known as the Financier of the Revolution, because of his role in securing financial assistance for the American Colonial side in the Revolutionary War
Land Ordinance of 1785	Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.	A major success of the Articles of Confederation.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Set up the framework of a government for the Northwest territory. The Ordinance provided that the Territory would be divided into 3 to 5 states, outlawed slavery in the Territory, and set 60,000 as the minimum population for statehood.	Another success of the Articles of Confederation.
Adam Smith	Published “the Wealth of Nations”	Promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics.
Shay’s Rebellion	Poor, indebted landowners in Massachusetts blocked access to courts and prevented the government from arresting and repossessing the property of those in debt.	Occurred in the winter of 1786-7, under the Articles of Confederation. The federal government was too weak to help Boston remove rebels, a sign that the Articles of Confederation weren’t working effectively.
Constitutional Convention	Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as President of the convention.	The Convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted by James Madison.
Virginia Plan	Proposal for the structure of the United States Government at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.	The Virginia Plan called for a two-house Congress with each state’s representation based on state population.
New Jersey Plan	Plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation.	The New Jersey Plan called for a one-house Congress in each state had equal representation.
Great Compromise	Joined the Virginia Plan, which favored representation based on population, and the New Jersey plan, which featured each state being equal.	Also known as the Connecticut Plan, it called for a two-house Congress in which both types of representation would be applied.
Separation of Powers	The powers of the government are divided between three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.	One of the features of the Constitution.
Federalist Papers	The collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government.	It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
Federalists	People who supported ratification.	The leading Federalists were Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Published a collection of essays to reassure doubters that there was little reason to fear tyranny by the new government.
Anti- Federalists	Did not trust the convention because it had over stepped its authority by rubbing off on the Articles of Confederation.	Still were not reassured that the divided branches would prevent abuses.
Ratification	The constitution had to be ratified (approved) by at least 9 of the 13 original states in order to be put into effect.	Virginia and New York would not ratify until the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution.
Alexander Hamilton	He fought in the Revolutionary War. He also published Federalists papers.	He set the standards as the first Secretary of Treasury. He helped sustain early America, particularly during the war of 1812.
John Jay	He wrote the Jay’s Treaty. He became the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.	He established the Supreme Court as a reasoned and honorable institution.
Bill of Rights	Passed by Congress on Sept 25, 1789. It is the first 10 amendments of the U.S. Constitution.	It set the initial groundwork for the constitution and preserving the basic rights for all Americans.
James Madison	He was a member of the original Continental Congress. He served as a secretary of State from 1801-1809 and became the fourth President of the United States.	He was a member of the original Continental Congress. He served as a secretary of State from 1801-1809 and became the fourth President of the United States.
National Bank	The idea of a government-owned bank to provide for the entire country.	Hamilton established the first one, and it was a much-debated subject during the Jacksonian Era.
Protective Tariffs (1792)	Tariffs advocated by Hamilton to strengthen internal discoveries, inventions, and overall improvements in America.	Commerce between the North and South increased, supplanting the trade across the Atlantic.
Thomas Jefferson	He drafted the Declaration of Independence. He became the first Secretary of State and later stated the trend of Secretary of states being elected for President, becoming America’s third President.	Enacted polices such as the Louisiana Purchase, which doubled the size of the nation and later the unsuccessful Embargo Act.
King Louis XVI	The king of France during the American Revolution.	Their naval support led to the victory at Yorktown as well as other battles, winning the Revolutionary War for America.
Napoleon	He was great dictator and conqueror of France during the early 1800s.	President Washington chooses to be neutral towards Europe during Napoleon’s reign to allow free trade with all of Europe.
Edmond Charles Genet	He as an ambassador of France for America after the French Revolution. Acted in an un-neutral fashion and provoked an American attack on Spanish Florida and Louisiana.	He made it hard for Republicans to support the French Revolution.
Jay’s Treaty	The British would evacuate Northwestern posts by 1796 and pay damages for the seizures of American ships and cargoes. For that, they would be given neutral rights and would gain most-favored-nation.	It was very unpopular while it settled the issues with the British though it was very one-sided. Still, it was passed in June of 1795.
Battle of Fallen Timbers	A battle in the Northwest Territory between the Indians and Canadian militia vs. American troops led by General Wayne. Victory went to the troops.	The Treaty gave America rights to the Southern quarter of the Northwest Territory and enclaves at the sites of Vincennes, Detroit, and Chicago.
Treaty of Greenville	The treaty struck after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.	Gave America rights to the Southeastern quarter of the Northwest Territory and enclaves at the sites of Vincennes, Detroit, and Chicago at the cost of $10,000 annuity.
Whiskey Rebellion	Rebellion led after the taxation on liquor that angered farmers in the backcountry. General Henry Lee led 13,000 men to disperse the group and did so with very few casualties.	The government gained reputation and strength by defending its rule of law and federal authority.
Pinckney’s Treaty	He was an U.S minister. He won acceptance of an American boundary at the thirty-first parallel.	The treaty was very popular, allowing westerners to use the Mississippi River to transport their crops to the market.
Land Act of 1796	Retained the 640-acre minimum size mandated by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 while doubling the price per acre to $2 and requiring that the full amount is paid within a year.	By 1800, the government land offices had sold fewer than 50,000 acres.
Daniel Boone	Famous hunter who led settlers to Kentucky.	Built a settlement named Boonesborough. Found the Warriors Path, which led to Kentucky.
Wilderness Road	A widened Warriors Path, which later became known as Wilderness Road.	Opened a road into Kentucky for it to be settled.
Washington’s Farwell address	Washington’s farewell address when he stepped down from his two terms as President focused on domestic policy and of unity among Americans in backing their new government. He decried the bad effects of sectionalism and partisanship	Gave good advice to the nation and all the presidents alliances.
Election of 1796	First partisan election for presidency. Election was between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.	John Adams won, becoming the second President of the United States.
John Adams	A member of the continental Congress. He was the first vice president and later became the second President of the United States.	He passed the Alien and Sedition acts.
XYZ Affair	Efforts to negotiate with the French where three French commisioners were named X, Y, and Z and demanded bribes to continue negotiation talks.	Raised a lot of popularity for Federalists.
Talleyrand	French Foreign Minister during the XYZ Affair that refused to negotiate with the American negotiators.	He caused the XYZ affair.
Department of the Navy	The department that controls the American Navy established in 1798.	Gave the American Navy more power.
Alien and Sedition Acts	Alien Act empowered the president to deport aliens at his discretion. Sedition Act gave misdemeanors to anyone conspiring against the government.	Gave the president much power over immigrants.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Jefferson feared prosecution for sedition so he secretly penned a series of resolutions. It was a brilliant formulation of the extreme states rights view regarding the union.	It was later used by southerners to support nullification and ultimate secession.
Election of 1800	Jefferson won by a majority of 73 electoral votes to 65. The election fell onto Jefferson because Aaron Burr turned New York to Jefferson by the narrowest of margins.	Republic passed a major test when power was peacefully transferred from the conservative federalists to the more liberal Jeffersonian. The first in which Federalist & Democratic Republicans functioned as two national political parties, Adams lost.
Aaron Burr	Thomas Jefferson’s first-term vice president. He joined with a group of federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England & New York.	Burr’s insurrectionary brashness demonstrated that it was one thing for U.S. to purchase large expenses of western territory but quite another for it to govern them effectively.
John Marshall	He was a Chief Justice appointed to the Supreme Court as a fourth choice in the dying days of his term.	Marshall greatly magnified the authority of the court. He also inserted the keystone into the arch that supports the tremendous power of the Supreme Court in American life.
Republicans	The Democratic-Republican Party evolved from the political factions that opposed Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies in the early 1790s	Thomas Jefferson and James Madison organized these factions into a party and helped define its ideology in favor of yeomen farmers, strict construction of the Constitution, and a weaker federal government
Federalists	a political party during the First Party System in the United States, from 1792 to 1816	it came to support a strong national government, a loose construction of the United States Constitution based on the "Elastic Clause", and a more mercantile, less agricultural economy. Its early leaders included John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
Marbury V. Madison	Supreme Court case that questioned whether or not Marbury should have been served his papers to be a judge	Marshall’s decision concluded the questions of who had the final authority to determine the meaning of the constitution.
Judicial Review	Established by the Marbury v. Madison case, it asserted that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.	A reassuring victory for the independence of the judiciary and for the separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government.
Barbary Pirates	The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean	From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates. Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars(1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria. The war was inconclusive.
Louisiana Purchase	President Jefferson proceeded boldly to expand the national territory with the landmark Louisiana Purchase in 1803.	The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase
Lewis & Clark	Meriwether Lewis was Jefferson’s personal secretary and William Clark was a young army officer. They explored the Northern part of the Louisiana Purchase.	From their expedition they brought back a rich harvest of the scientific observations, maps, knowledge of the Indians in the region, and hair-raising wilderness adventure stories.
Election of 1804	Jefferson was reelected with 162 electoral votes to only 14 votes for his federalist opponent.	Jefferson’s first administration withered under the blasts of the new storm that broke in Europe.
Burr Conspiracy	After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico	Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr’s punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr
Impressment	The forcible enlistment of sailors. It was a crude form of conscription that the British, among others, had employed for over four centuries.	British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British.
Chesapeake Affair	on June 22, 1807, the British stopped the American frigate Chesapeake to look for deserters. The Chesapeake’s captain refused, and the British opened fire, causing extensive damage to the ship.	The Chesapeake affair was one additional grievance leading toward the War of 1812.
Embargo Act of 1807	Embargo Act of 1807, passed Dec. 22, 1807, by the U.S. Congress in answer to the British orders in council restricting neutral shipping and to Napoleon’s restrictive Continental System.	Not unexpectedly, it failed to bring pressure on Britain and France. In 1810 Macon’s Bill No. 2 replaced it.
Election of 1808	Republican James Madison won with 122 electoral votes.	Having served Jefferson faithfully as secretary of state for eight years, Madison was rewarded with strong Republican backing in 1808. The electoral totals were not close.
War of 1812	A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.	The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
Macon’s Bill Number 2	Enacted by Congress during the Napoleonic Wars to motivate Great Britain and France, then at war, to cease illegal seizures of American commercial vessels. Affirmed American trade with all countries but would ban trade with France or Britain	This bill replaced the non-intercourse act but failed to stop the seizure of ships.
Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as the Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. An American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 defeated the tribes	United the Indians in attacks against America.
Battle of Tippecanoe	William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory and superintendent of the Northwest Indians. On November 7, 1811, Harrison’s soldiers were attacked and the natives were forced to flee and their village was destroyed	William Henry Harrison emerged with a reputation as the hero of Tippecanoe, an image that he would use to his political advantage in later years.
General William Henry Harrison	Nominated for president in 1835 as a military hero who the conservation politicians hoped to be able to control, he ran surprisingly well against Van Buren in 1836. Four years later, he defeated Van Buren but caught pneumonia and died on April 4, 1841	Harrison was the first president to die in office.
War Hawks	twenty Democratic Republicans who persuaded Congress into supporting a declaration of war against Britain. These young, vocal members from the South and the western U.S. were voted into the House during mid-term congressional elections in 1810.	Helped lead America into the war of 1812.
General Winfield Scott	In March 1814, Scott was brevetted brigadier general. In July 1814, Scott commanded the First Brigade of the American army in the Niagara campaign, winning the battle of Chippewa decisively	Scott earned the nickname of "Old Fuss and Feathers" for his insistence of military appearance and discipline in the U.S. Army, which consisted mostly of volunteers. In his own campaigns, General Scott preferred to use a core of U.S. Army Regulars
Fort McHenry	Francis Scott Key saw Fort McHenry hold out during the night against a British attack. He wrote the poem “Star Spangled Banner” about the experience of seeing the U.S. flag still flying above the fort in the morning	He wrote the Star Spangled Banner.
Andrew Jackson	7th President of the United States of America	President Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the national bank.
Battle of New Orleans	January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed.	Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism.
Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 – Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner.	It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
Hartford Convention	1814 – A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws.	The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.
Bank of the United States	During Jackson's presidency, this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the national bank in operation and those who wanted to abolish it. Jackson and states' rights advocates opposed the national bank	The bank was defended by Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay, the National Republicans, the wealthy, and larger merchants, who felt that local banks credit policies were irresponsible and would lead to a depression
John C. Calhoun	A representative and a Senator from South Carolina and a Vice President of the United States.	Negotiated several key political deals.
Henry Clay	A Senator and a representative from Kentucky; born in the district known as “the Slashes” Hanover Country, VA.	He tried to become president several times.
Daniel Webster	A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative for the North.	He helped the North.
Tariff of 1816	This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	Improved the sale of goods sold in the U.S.
National Road	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois.	It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and West.
James Monroe	Elected president in 1816 over the Federalist Rufus King, and reelected without opposition in 1820.	Author of the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe's Presidency was marked by a disappearance of partisan politics, after the politically charged War of 1812, and came to be known as the Era of Good Feelings
Election of 1816	Monroe was the favorite candidate of both former presidents Jefferson and Madison to succeed Madison in office. Secretary of War Crawford opposed Monroe, but Monroe received the Republican nomination.	The election campaign of 1816 itself was highly one sided. The early opposition of the Federalists to the War of 1812 had, for all practical purposes, destroyed the party.
Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe’s two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist Party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	Filled with massive improvements for America.
Convention of 1818	Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador.	Improved fishing and ended several disputes.
Cession of Florida	The treaty provided for the cession of Florida to the United States for payment of $5,000,000.	Added another state to the union.
Panic of 1819	A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank.	The collapse of the Bank of America caused a surplus of products.
Missouri Compromise	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36°30” latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.	Set the standards for slave states.
McMulloch vs. Maryland	A case decided in 1819 by the U.S. Supreme Court, dealing specifically with the constitutionally of a Congress-chartered corporation, and more generally with the dispersion of power between state and federal governments.	The case became the legal cornerstone of subsequent expansions of federal power.
Implied Powers Cause	The U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 18) grants to Congress the power to enact laws to carry out the “enumerated powers” (Clauses 1-17), which are specifically assigned to the federal government.	The Federalist position regarding “implied powers” became part of the national fabric largely through the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court under John Marshall.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward	(1819), a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the charters of business corporations are contracts and are guaranteed under the U.S. Constitution	Chief Justice Marshall’s opinion emphasized that the term “contract” referred to transactions involving individual property rights, not to “the political relations between the government and its citizens.”
Gibbons vs. Ogden	: In Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) the Supreme Court defined Congress’s constitutional power to regulate interstate commerce	Thus Gibbons became the basis in later years for Congress’s regulation of all interstate communication, from navigation to radio and television.
Transcontinental Treaty	John Quincy Adams, secretary of state under President James Monroe, negotiated the treaty with Luis de Onis of Spain.	The purchase of Florida for a mere $5 million (paid directly to citizens with claims against the Spanish govt.) assured the treaty’s popularity in the United States, but Adams considered establishing the western boundary his most important diplomatic feat
Monroe Doctrine	1823 – Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.	Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.
Election of 1824	Election between presidential and vice- presidential candidates competing for new political world, and sectional allegiance, as well as, issues.	winner = John Quincy Adams, won under less than 1/3 of voter's votes, "Corrupt Bargain"
Andrew Jackson	The seventh president	hero in the South, brought The Spoils System and the unpopular "Tariff of Abominations"
Corrupt Bargain	Bargained entrance into office for support in a campaign	Turned personalities and sectional allegiances more important than issues to win support from states to gain presidency, used by Henry Clay and John Q. Adams
John Quincy Adams	The sixth president	Helped shape the federal union by asserting a central government and promoted internal improvements by using the issues arriving from the Articles of Confederation
Election of 1828	Election between Jackson and Adams	Jackson's election was the revolution of the "Common Man".
Eaton Affair	Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton	Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson.
Henry Clay	Speaker of the House of Representatives from Kentucky	sought a compromise that would help nullifiers with a tariff to cause
Nullification	The right that a state could impose state authority and in effect repeal a	To draw the line at any defiance of federal law, stopping short of
John C. Calhoun	Powerful leader, Speaker of the House of South Carolina and vice-	saw nullification as a way of preserving the Union while preventing
Webster-Hayne Debate	Debate between Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster that questioned	Sharpened lines between states' rights and the Union
South Carolina Ordinance	Advocates of nullification who took the initiative in organization and agitation by holding a special legislative session that called for a election of state convention	Adopted a nullification ordinance that repudiated the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 as unconstitutional and forbade collection of duties in states after Feb. 1, 1833
Force Bill	Document that authorized the army to compel compliance with the federal law in South Carolina	Eventually being nullified, South Carolina secured a reduction of the tariff
Trail of Tears	Journey marked by the cruelty and neglect of soldiers and private contractors by the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks and Seminoles to Oklahoma	8,000 exiles survived the journey, 4,000 died
Cherokee v. Georgia	The case in which the Cherokees sought relief in the Supreme Court	John Marshall ruled that the court jurisdiction and that they had an unquestionable right to their lands until they wished to cede from the U.S.
Second Bank of the United States	Expansive of a facilitated business that supplied currency and acted as the collecting and dispersing agent for the federal government	Government's revenue soared, bank became most powerful leading institution in the country and able to determine the amount of available credit for the Union
Election of 1832	Presidential campaign where for the first time a third party entered the field between Clay, Jackson, and William Wirt	Jackson won the election with 219 votes
Roger Taney	Nation's attorney general	racist against blacks and supported segregation
King Andrew I	The name given to Jackson by his opponents for their hostile opinions about Jackson's Maysville veto an abuse of power	Began to put together a new coalition of diverse elements
Spoils System	"To the victor go the spoils" - the winner of the election may do whatever they want with the staff.	Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own.
Whigs	Name that linked Jackson's opponents to the patriots of the American Revolution	Urban banking and commercial interests, planter associates, owners of most of the slaves in the region, the party of economic nationalism and promoted social reforms
Election of 1836	Election where a new two-party system was emerging from Jackson forces	Hoping to throw the election into the House of Representatives, resulting in free- for- all reminiscent of 1824; Democratic candidate Van Buren won
Martin Van Buren	The eighth president and vice-president to Jackson	skilled in the arts of organization and being manipulative; political schemer
Panic of 1837	Financial panic inherited by Van Buren	economic failure causing a rise in food prices, wage cuts, and the government losing $9 million
Independent Treasury Act	Plan where the government would keep its funds in its own vaults and do business in hard money	Van Buren gained western support by backing a more liberal land policy
William Henry Harrison	From Ohio, a victor at battle of Tippecanoe, Indiana territory governor, served shortest presidential term	Died exactly one month after his inauguration, he had the longest inaugural address
King Cotton	Cash crop	Britain's prime textile product
Clermont	steamboat invented by Robert Fulton	fastest boat of its time
Erie Canal	canal used for freight delivery	brought Midwest agriculture up, provided construction and maintenance jobs
Railroads	Provided a faster, reliable, and cheaper way to travel by land	One of the most significant contributions to the economy
Cyrus Hall McCormick	contributed the mechanical mower- reaper	provided the easier way in the 1830s for farmers in western states
Charles Goodyear	Invented the vulcanization of rubber	made rubber more durable
Samuel F. Morse	Inventor of the telegraph	provided a better way of communication through Congress
Elias Howe	Invented the sewing machine	provided a foundation for the clothing industry
The Lowell System	Method of paternalistic management for young girls to work in mechanized mills	showed humanity can go hand in hand with industrial success
Minstrel shows	Working class White men imitating African slaves in musical or play forms	became unpopular when African-Americans achieved higher positions in life
Immigration in the 1840s- 1850s	Immigrants from places like Ireland and Northwest Europe fled their land from potato famine	immigrants originally planned to stay until there was enough money made to go back home and under safe conditions only
Nativism	Anti- Immigrant sentiment	suppressed immigrants from any political activities
Know Nothings	Delegate party that did not vote for foreign-born or Catholic candidates	swept Massachusetts legislature and denounced immigrants and Catholics out of public office
Deism	It advances the theory that God exists, that He created the universe, but does not intervene in the affairs of humankind	Deists generally place their trust in reason and disdain revelation as well as the teachings of a specific church
Unitarianism	the belief in the oneness of God, the inheritance of goodness of human kind, andthe primary of individual's reason and conscience over established creeds and Scriptural literalism	made people stressed about being eligible for salvation
Universalism	a belief as a parallel movement totally opposite of Unitarianism believing that God is too merciful to destroy	believed God was too good for damnation
Second Great Awakening	a religious revival sparked by the fears that secularism was taking over	a new wave of evangelical fervor fed upon the spreading notion of social equality
Charles Grandison Finney	The most successful evangelist, a lawyer, and the greatest single exemplar of evangelical Protestantism	he subjected the Burned- Over District and the inventor of professional revivalism
Mormons	Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints	they were responsible for providing the scene for the revivals during the 2nd Great Awakening
Transcendentalism	The most intensive expression of such romantic ideals rising above the limits of reason	it was a belief made from combinations of New England Protestants and European Philosophers
Emily Dickinson	A female poet	agoraphobic who wrote 1800 poems and only 2 were published after her death
Nathaniel Hawthorne	The supreme writer of the New England group of fictional writers	wrote "The Scarlet Letter"
Edgar Allen Poe	Writer of restraint, discipline, and unity	wrote "Tell- Tale Heart" and "The Raven"
Herman Melville	Novelist who had 2 years of schooling	wrote "Moby Dick"
Walt Whitman	Writer who disdained social conventions and artistic traditions	provocative writer of "Leaves to Grass"
Horace Mann	From Massachusetts, originally trained to be a lawyer	created a bill that created a state board of education and defended school system
Temperance	A method of approach, social reforms mobilized against the "alcoholic republic"	there were crusades and movements that reduced the consumption of alcohol
Dorothea Dix	A middle class woman	helped change the status of women, co- wrote the historian called "cult of domesticity"
Lucretia Mott	Female Philadelphian Quaker	called a convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women and helped change women's status
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Female graduate from Troy Seminar	organized the Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments
Utopian Communities	a persuasive climate of reform during the Jacksonian Era	Utopians were tired of their environment and surroundings and created new communities with over 100 other communities between the years 1800 and 1900
John Tyler	a thin, fragile Virginia slaveholder	He was the youngest President to date and was the first Vice President to succeed on the death of a President and practically served all of Harrison’s term.
Manifest Destiny	a statement an eastern magazine editor labeled	It offered a moral justification for American expansion and joined Americans of diverse ethnic origin and religious persuasion.
Plains Indians	Arapaho, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Kiowa, and Sioux horse-borne nomads	They discovered the gold in California
New Mexico	a former non-state of the United States of America	Americans were having a debate over the annexation because of how much territory would be received
California Gold Rush	when people from all over the world were trying to make sure they receive some of the gold.	It sparked many problems because of the different ideas of who should receive the most gold.
Donner Party	George Donner, a prosperous 62 year old farmer, from Illinois had a party that traveled.	He led his family and a wagon train of other settlers along the Oregon Trail in 1846 and was forced to turn to cannibalism.
John Fremont	a Savannah born premier press agent for California and the Far West generally.	earned the nickname “the Pathfinder” and was the 2nd lieutenant in the United States Topographical Corps in 1838.
Annexation of Texas	U.S. made Texas a state in 1845	Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office.
Alamo	a battle where there was a Mexican victory	The Mexican dictator signed a treaty recognizing Texas’ independence
Election of 1844	Candidates were James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party.	Issues were Manifest Destiny, the annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon, tariff reform.
James K. Polk	Charlotte-born 11th President of the United States	He was he youngest President to date.
Oregon	33rd state to be admitted into the United States	They had issues that heated up as expansionists aggressively insisted that Polk abandon previous offers.
Mexican War	a war that took place in early June 1846 in which the British government submitted a draft treaty.	There were many different battles and the annexation of California took place during this time.
General Zachary Taylor	the 12th President of the United States of America	On December 4, 1849, he endorsed immediate statehood for California and enjoined Congress to avoid injecting slavery into the issue.
Santa Anna	an elderly dictator	He was forced out in 1844 and returned in 1846 back in command and was named the President of the Mexican army once again.
General Winfield Scott	a democratic general called to the field of command by Polk	He had a conquest that added luster to his name.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	signed on February 2, 1848 after the fall of the capital	It forced Mexico to give up all claims to Texas above the Rio Grande and ceded California and New Mexico to the United States.
Southern planters	Plantation owners who advocated slavery	crops grew and business was made but the people who tended to that farm were still slaves.
Duels	The duel constituted the ultimate public expression of personal honor and manly courage	Although not confined to the South, dueling was much more common there than in the rest of the young nation, a fact that gave rise to the observation that southerners will be polite until they are angry enough to kill you
Free Persons of Color	freed slaves in the northern part of the country.	more people started to realize the bad affects of slavery and the former slaves were standing out against it.
American Colonization Society of 1817	a group of people who wanted to remove blacks from the United States	Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.
William Lloyd Garrison	Active in religious reform movements in Massachusetts, began a publishing career in 1828 as editor of an antislavery newspaper.	Three years later he established his own paper, The Liberator, to deliver an uncompromising message: immediate emancipation.
The Liberator	Paper published by William Lloyd Garrison delivering an uncompromising message: immediate emancipation, the freeing of slaves, with no payment to slaveholders	Garrison founded the New England anti-slavery society in 1832, and then helped found the national American Anti-slavery society the following year
Abolition	the ending of legal slavery	Ends slavery and blacks were free to do their lives instead of their masters
Sojourner Truth	real name was Isabella Baumfree, a slave for the first 30 years of her life. Freed from slavery she became Sojourner Truth to spread the truth about slavery.	Sojourner Truth made audiences snap to attention. Truth fought for women’s rights, abolition, prison reform, and temperance.
Frederick Douglass	Was born into slavery in 1817 and was taught how to read and write by the wife of his owners.	a superb speaker who broke with Garrison in 1847 and began his own antislavery newspaper. He named it, the North Star, after the star that guided runaway slaves to freedom.
The North Star	Name of Garrison’s newspaper, the star that the runaway slaves followed that was believed to lead to freedom	they rebelled from slavery and simply wanted to leave, and many tried to run away, some successfully
Harriet Tubman	A famous conductor who was born a slave in Maryland in 1820 or 1821.	Shortly after the passage of the fugitive slave act, Tubman resolved to become a conductor on the underground railroad.
Wilmot Proviso	Wilmot Proviso meant that California, as well as the territories of Utah and New Mexico, would be closed to slavery forever.	The proviso was attached to a different bill, and was once again passed by the House of Representatives but rejected by the Senate
Popular Sovereignty	The right of the residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery	it allowed both sides (both North and South) to be satisfied.
Free Soil	a party that opposed the extension of slavery into new territories.	Free soilers detected a dangerous pattern in such events as the passage of the fugitive slave act and the repeal of the Missouri compromise.
California	a state that was fought over by the North and the South to whether it should be a free or slave state	was admitted as a free state and a lot of the population moved there.
Compromise of 1850	a series of congressional measures intended to settle the major disagreements between free and slave states.	Held off Civil War for about 11 years
Henry Clay	Southern from Kentucky and a speaker of the House of Representatives had for sought a compromise that helped nullifiers without a tariff.	Composed the Compromise of 1850 and got almost all of them passed.
Millard Fillmore	Supporter of the Compromise of 1850	Kept on supporting the compromise
Stephen A. Douglas	Senator, unbundled the compromise of 1850 and reintroduced them one at a time.	Found the key to pass the entire compromise
Fugitive Slave Act	a law enacted as part of the Compromise of 1850, designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage	Northerners resisted it by organizing violence committees to send endangered African Americans to safety in Canada.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin	a book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852.	Stirred strong reactions from northerners and southerners alike. The message was that slavery was not just a political contest, but also a great moral struggle.
Election of 1852	nominated was General Winfield Scott, and Franklin Pierce	Franklin Pierce won the presidency. Runner up was General Winfield Scott.
Franklin Pierce	the first “doughface” president. A northern man with southern principles	his expansionist goals aroused suspicion and hostility in anti-slavery northerners
Cuba	was sought to have been bought from Spain by Pierce, but was declined. Urged military seizure of Cuba should Spain remain intransigent	the seeking to annex potential slave territory such as Cuba, seemed to be working for the good of the south
Kansas-Nebraska Crisis	a bill was introduced in Congress to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa as the territories of Kansas and Nebraska	the bill was opposed by most Northern Democrats and a majority of the remaining Whigs, but with the support of the Southern-dominated Pierce administration it was passed and signed into law.
Republican Party	In the North, many Democrats left the party and were joined by former Whigs and Know-Nothings in the newly created Republican Party.	the Republican Power quickly became a major power in national politics
Bleeding Kansas	the Northern press reference of the two sides that began arming themselves and then erupted into a full-scale guerilla war for control of the state.	Some 200 died in the months of guerilla fighting that followed.
Senator Charles Sumner	of Massachusetts, made a two-day speech entitled “The Crime Against Kansas,” in which he not only denounced slavery but also made degrading personal references to aged South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler	Sumner was beat about the head and shoulders with a cane, leaving him bloody and unconscious by Congressman Preston Brooks
Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).	This can lead to conflict.
Election of 1856	a three-way contest that pitted Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Republicans against each other.	the Republicans demonstrated surprising strength for a political party only two years old and made clear that they, and not the Know-Nothings, would replace the moribund Whigs as the other major party along with the Democrats.
James Buchanan	a veteran of forty years of politics	his chief qualification for the nomination was that during the slavery squabbles of the past few years he had been out of the country as American ministers to Great Britain and therefore did not take public positions on the controversial issues.
Dred Scott decision	Court ruled that not only did Scott have no standing to sue in federal court, but also that temporary residence in a free state, even for several years, did not make a slave free.	Southerners were encouraged to take an extreme position and refuse compromise, while anti-slavery Northerners became more convinced than ever that there was a pro-slavery conspiracy controlling all branches of government.
Lecompton Constitution	was stated that should the Lecompton constitution be approved, Kansas would receive a generous grant of federal land, but if not, Kansas would remain a territory	Kansas was finally admitted as a free state in 1861
Panic of 1857	caused by several years of over speculation in railroads and lands, faulty banking practices, and an interruption in the flow of European capital into American investments as a result of the Crimean War.	The North blamed the Panic on low tariffs, while the south saw the Panic as proof of the superiority of the Southern economy in general and slavery in particular
Abraham Lincoln	a Springfield lawyer that was little known outside the state opposed Stephen A. Douglas in a number of debates	he lost the debates, but gained major success because it propelled him into the national spotlight
Lincoln-Douglas Debates	the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign that produced a series of debates that got to the heart of the issues that were threatening to divide the nation.	Douglas’s answer won him re-election to the Senate but hurt him in the coming presidential campaign and Lincoln benefited from the debate by claiming the national spotlight and strengthening the backbone of the Republican party
John Brown	the Pottawatomie Creek murderer, led eighteen followers in seizing the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in a raid.	Many southerners became convinced that the entire Northern public approved of Brown’s action and that the only safety for the South lay in a separate Southern confederacy.
Secession	South Carolina declared itself out of the Union, then about 2 months later, six more states (Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) had followed suit	They then met in Montgomery, Alabama and declared themselves to be the Confederate States of America
Election of 1860	A realigning election between Lincoln, Davis, Bell, and Breckenridge	The United States had been divided through most of the 1850’s on the issue of slavery.
Crittenden Compromise	Series of compromises in 1860-61 intended to forestall the American Civil War.	Senator John J. Crittenden proposed constitutional amendments that would reenact provisions of the Missouri Compromise.
Abraham Lincoln	16th president of the U.S.	To unite the North and influence foreign opinion, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
Fort Sumter	On March 5, 1861, the day after his inauguration as president of the United States, Abraham Lincoln received a message from the commander of the U.S. troops holding Fort Sumter.	On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day.
Confederacy	11 Southern States that seceded from the Union in 1860-61 until its defeat in the American Civil War in 1865.	The surrender at Appomattox Court House by General Robert E. Lee in 1865 precipitated its dissolution.
Union	The Union was a name used by many to refer to the Northern states during the American Civil War.	It was used to refer to the soldiers and residents of the northern U.S. including the Midwest, Mid-Atlantic, and New England states.
Robert E. Lee	U.S. and Confederate military leader.	He became commander of Virginia’s forces in the American Civil War and adviser to Jefferson Davis, president of the Confederacy.
Ulysses S. Grant	U.S. General and 18th president of the U.S.	He served in the Mexican War under Zachary Taylor and was Union general during the Civil War.
Bull Run	Two engagements of the American Civil War fought at a stream near Manassas.	The first battle fought between Union and Confederate troops.
William C. Quantrill	Pro-Confederate guerrilla fighter during the American Civil War	His actions, particularly a bloody raid on Lawrence, Kansas, remain controversial to this day.
Shiloh	Second major engagement of the American Civil War.	Both sides claimed victory, but the battle was considered a Confederate defeat.
George B. McClellan	U.S. Army general for the Union during the Civil War	At the Battle of Antietam he failed to destroy Robert E. Lee’s army, and Lincoln removed him from command.
Second Bull Run	A battle during the American Civil War.	Lee seized the moment to attack the individual armies before they converged to beat an unbeatable force.
Antietam	Decisive and bloody battle of the American Civil War.	Following victory in the Second Battle of Bull Run, General Robert E. Lee moved his troops into Maryland with an eye to capturing Washington D.C.
Fredericksburg	Engagement of the American Civil War fought at Fredericksburg Virginia.	Burnside was relieved of his command, and the victory restored Confederate morale lost after the defeat in the Battle of Antietam.
Emancipation Proclamation	Document that was issued by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.	The edict had no power in the confederacy but it provided moral inspiration for the North and discouraged European countries from supporting the south.
Thirteenth Amendment	Amendment of the Constitution that freed the slaves.	Slavery in America was abolished in 1865.
Clara Barton	She established an agency to obtain and distribute supplies to wounded soldiers.	Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.
Jefferson Davis	The only president of the confederacy was a decorated war veteran and politician.	Alexander Stephens was his vice president.
Chancellorsville	Battle in Virginia that resulted in a Confederate victory.	Stonewall Jackson was mortally wounded by friendly fire.
Vicksburg	General Ulysses S. Grant’s armies converged on Vicksburg.	Besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months; Union victory.
Gettysburg	General Robert E. Lee concentrated his full strength against General George G. Meade’s army of the Potomac.	Union victory; Considered one of the turning points of the war.
Chattanooga	General Braxton Bragg’s army laid siege to the Union army under General William Rosecrans.	Union victory.
Army of the Potomac	Main eastern Union army, commanded by a series of commanders.	The army of the Potomac was still active on the Peninsula.
Cold Harbor	Sheridan’s cavalry seized the vital crossroads of Old Cold Harbor.	Confederate victory.
Sherman’s March to the Sea	General Grant arranged two campaigns for the year 1864.	General Sherman was promoted major general of the United States Army, and he destroyed large areas of the South.
Appomattox	Site where Lee surrendered to Grant.	Union won the war.
Morrill Tariff	The Morrill Tariff of 1861 was a major protectionist tariff bill instituted in the United States.	The tax is significant for severely altering American commercial policy after a period of relative free trade to several decades of heavy protection.
Freedman’s Bureau	Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom.	It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs.
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	Lincoln issued a Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction for those areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union armies.	Lincoln’s plan aroused the sharp opposition of the radicals in Congress, who believed it would simply restore to power the old planter aristocracy.
Reconstruction	Reconstruction was the effort of rebuilding the South.	Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment, which sought to prohibit slavery.
Radical Republicans	They were committed to the emancipation of slaves and the equal treatment and enfranchisement of blacks.	Believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.
John Wilkes Booth	U.S. actor and assassin of President Abraham Lincoln.	shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!")
Andrew Johnson	17th president of the U.S.	He served in the House of Representatives and as governor of Tennessee. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.
‘Black Codes’	Laws enacted in the former Confederate states after the American Civil War to place restrictions on the freedom of former slaves.	Many provisions of the black codes were reenacted in the Jim Crow laws and remained in force until the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Civil Rights Act	Comprehensive U.S. law intended to end discrimination based on race, color, religion, or national origin.	1866 - Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.
Fourteenth Amendment	It placed an important federal limitation on the states by forbidding them to deny to any person “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”	1866, ratified 1868. It fixed provision of the Civil Rights Bill: full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves and immigrants.
Impeachment	To bring charges against a public official.	Johnson was impeached, but was saved from being taken out of office by one vote.
Congressional Reconstruction	Congress’ passage of the 14th Amendment, 1866-1867 Congress’ efforts to stiffen the terms of Reconstruction through Military Reconstruction Act of 1867.	establishes terms that will delay but not prevent return of white rule in the South.
Military Reconstruction Act	1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South	divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district.
Command of the Army Act	instructed the President to issue orders only through the General of the Army, then Ulysses S. Grant	Congress moved to limit Johnson's powers as President in several ways.
Tenure of Office Act	1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate	It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".
Sharecroppers	Landowners divided their land and gave each worker (either freed African American or poor white) a few acres along with seeds and tools.	Croppers who saved a little and brought their own tools could drive a better bargain with landowners.
Carpetbaggers	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes	Bought up land from desperate Southerners and manipulated new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.
Scalawags	White Southerners who joined the Republican Party.	Hoped to gain political office with the help of African American votes.
Ku Klux Klan	During the period of congressional Reconstruction some white Southerners formed vigilante groups, which whipped, tortured, and murdered former slaves in attempt to restore white supremacy.	Destroyed the Reconstruction governments to aid the planter class in controlling African-American laborers, and to prevent African American from exercising their political rights.
Enforcement Acts	Congress passed the Enforcement Act in 1870-1871. It gave the president the power to use federal troops in areas when the Klan was active.	The Klan’s active decreased but individuals acts of violence against blacks and white republican continued.
Election of 1868	Republican Grant defeated Democratic Seymour.	With freed blacks voting in much of the South (with the help of Union soldiers), and with massive popularity in the North as the man who won the Civil War, Grant won an impressive victory
Gould and Fisk	Stock manipulators	They made money selling gold and were part of a scandal that rocked Grant’s presidency.
Black Friday	September 24, 1869 - Financial panic in the United States caused by Fisk and Gould’s efforts to corner the gold market.	It showed that Grant acted stupidly and indiscreetly.
edit Mobilier	A construction company had skimmed off outrageously large profits from a government railroad contract.	This precipitated the biggest bribery scandal in U.S. history, and led to greater public awareness of government corruption.
Whiskey Ring	Internal revenue collectors and other officials accepted bribes from Whiskey distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product.	Evidence of widespread dishonesty mounted and many grew disgusted with the blatant corruption on the Grant administration.
Election of 1872	The candidates consisted of Grant and Greely from the Liberal Republican party ran for president.	Grant won the election by a lot Greely died after the election before the electoral college made the defeat official.
Panic of 1873	Unrestrained speculation on the railroads let to disaster - inflation and strikes by railroad workers	18,000 businesses failed and 3 million people were out of work. Federal troops were called in to end the strike
Compromise of 1877	A compromise that kept the peace between the Republicans and Democrats.	Satisfied many Republican and Democrats in counting the electoral votes.
Samuel J.Tilden	Governor of New York, that helped up the graft that had flourished in New York.	A man that was one short of the number of electoral votes needed to win.
Election of 1876	A election that took place because of one short number of electoral votes.	A joint session of congress met to witness the counting of electoral votes which didn't settle the dispute.
Rutherford B. Hayes	A stodgy governor of Ohio.	The Southern democrats got something accomplished with Hayes such as, withdrawal of federal troops, appoint a conservative Southern to the Cabinet.
New South	The withdrawal of Southern Democrats disillusioned with their party.	The president and his fellow Republicans hoped not only to keep the White House but also to recapture majority in Congress.
Redeemers (Bourbons)	A planter-merchant elite that dominated southern politics.	Came to signify the leaders of the Democratic party, whether they were real reactionaries or, more commonly, champions of an industrial New South.
Jim Crow Laws	The privileges taken away from African Americans.	To separate white and black people in public and private affairs.
Poll Tax	An annual tax that had to be paid to gain access to voting booth.	If the tax wasn't paid black and white sharecropper couldn't vote.
Literacy Tests	A test that was given required prospective voters be literate.	Administered this test to African Americans, would often ask difficult questions, or even foreign language to make them fail so they would be able to vote.
Grandfather Clause	A clause stated that even if a man failed the literacy test, and couldn't afford poll taxes he would vote if his father, or grandfather had be eligible to vote before Jan 1, 1867.	It gave men a chance to vote if failing the test or couldn't afford poll taxes.
Segregation	he physical separation of blacks and whites	Occurred mostly in the South, in public facilities, transportation, schools, etc.
Plessy v. Ferguson	Plessy was a black man who had been instructed by the NAACP to refuse to ride in the train car reserved for blacks. The NAACP hoped to force a court decision on segregation.	The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy and the NAACP, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality.
Booker T. Washington	Booker Taliaferro was born a slave on a small farm in Franklin County, Virginia. His father, a white man, was absent from his life. Booker later took a name from his stepfather, Washington Ferguson.	urged blacks to better themselves through education and economic advancement, rather than by trying to attain equal rights
W.E.B. Dubois	DuBois became an excellent student and he was hired as the local correspondent for the New York Globe.	Through editorials and lectures, he emphasized the need for black people to be politically recognized.
Buffalo Soldiers	Members of those units and two all-black infantry regiments, the 24th and 25th, came to be called Buffalo Soldiers.	Native Americans named them Buffalo soldiers because their hair resembled buffalo hair
Sand Creek Massacre	An infamous incident in the Indian Wars of the United States.	The attack was initially reported in the press as a victory against a bravely-fought opponent. Within weeks, however, a controversy was raised about a possible massacre.
George A. Custer	An army officer who won notoriety as an Indian fighter in the West. On June 25.	He is best remembered for his defeat and death at the Battle of the Little Bighorn against a coalition of Native American tribes led by Crazy Horse.
Battle of Little Bighorn	A battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States Cavalry and a combined force of Native Americans.	The battle was the most famous incident in the Indian Wars and was a remarkable victory for the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne. A U.S. cavalry detachment commanded by Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer was killed to the last man.
Chief Joseph	Chief Joseph, a dignified, well-spoken man, was selected to meet and discuss the demand with one-armed Civil War veteran Brigadier General.	Led the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.
Geronimo	Geronimo was chief of the southern Chiricahua tribe of Apache Indians	Geronimo fought against ever-increasing numbers of both Mexican and United States troops and became famous for his daring exploits and numerous escapes from capture
Wounded Knee	The Seventh Cavalry that slaughtered 30 Native Americans including children.	Brought the Indians wars and an entire era a bitter end.
Ghost Dance	A millennialist spiritual movement among Native Americans in the United States that began toward the end of 1888 and reached its peak just before the Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890	The Ghost Dance movements spread rapidly among the 25,000 Sioux on the Dakota reservation.
Sitting Bull	: Known as Hunkesni or slow, earned the name Tatanka Yotanka, after a fight with the Crow Indians.	He led his people by the strength of his character and purpose.
Dawes Severalty Act	Authorized the president of the U.S. to survey Indian tribal land and divide the area into allotments for the individual Indians.	60 million acres of treaty land were opened to settlement by non-Indians.
Great Plains	A large expanse of prairie which resides east of the Rocky Mountains.	After the near-extinction of the buffalo and the removal of the Native Americans to Indian reservations, the Great Plains were devoted to ranching and were open range, that is, anyone was theoretically free to run cattle.
Range Wars	Ranchers and farmers clashed together over land and water rights.	Fence cutting became popular for farmers to gain access to pasturelands.
Wild Bill Hickock	Hickock was born in Troy Grove, Illinois on May 27, 1837. He was a famous lethal gun welder.	He participated in many adventures that made him legendary.
Frederick Jackson TurnerFrederick Jackson Turner	American historian. He is best remembered for his “Frontier Thesis", published on July 12, 1893.	His later mentioned work won the Pulitzer Prize in history in 1933.
Trusts	Firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly).	There are anti-trust laws to prevent these monopolies
Second Industrial Revolution	1871-1914 resulted in mass society.	It encouraged important developments within the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries.
Transcontinental Railroads	May 10, 1869 the Union Pacific tracks joined those of the Central Pacific Railroad.	Served as an effective means of transportation and is the greatest historical event on transportation.
Pacific Railways Act	Acts passed by the U.S. Congress in 1862 and 1864.	Gave land grants in the western U.S. to the Union Pacific Railroad and Central Pacific Railroad.
Cornelius Vanderbilt	American entrepreneur who built wealth in shipping and is the founder of the renowned Vanderbilt family	His descendents built the flock of Vanderbilt houses that characterize America's Gilded Age.
Alexander Graham Bell	Scientist, inventor and the founder of the Bell telephone company.	He provided invaluable contributions in the area of hydrofoils, the Bel and decibel are named after him.
Thomas Edison	Well-known inventor and businessmen. He held a record of 1,093 patents, making him the most prolific inventor of his time	: He produced very important inventions. The most significant of these was creation of the electric incandescent lamp.
John D. Rockefeller	An American capitalist known for his role in the early petroleum industry.	Using his ruthless business tactics, he guided Standard Oil to be the largest oil refining business in the world and gaining an immense fortune.
Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist.	He controlled the most extensive and complete system of iron and steel industries single-handedly.
J.P. Morgan	American financier and banker. Received his education at the English High School in Boston and the University of Gottingen	He led J.P. Morgan & Co. to become one of the most powerful banks in the world
. Sears, Roebuck and Company	Founded in Chicago, Illinois as a catalog merchandiser.	Provided an order service that offered lower prices for supplies
Molly Maguires	Society of Irish miners who struggled against Brutal working conditions in Pennsylvania coal mines.	20 members of the group were hanged after being convicted in part of the murders of 24 mine managers.
Great Railroad Strike of 1877	Began on July 17 in Martinsburg, West VA, after Baltimore & Ohio Railroad had cut wages for the second time in one year.	Required the aid of federal troops, which had last been used in 1830 for strikebreaking, and ended with the deaths and injuries of people within the vicinity of the strike.
"Sand Lot" Incident	After the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, at San Francisco's "Sand Lot", a meeting was held to express sympathy for the strikers.	Several days afterwards, sporadic anti-Chinese riots led to a mob attack directly on Chinatown.
National Labor Union	The first national labor federation in the U.S. It was founded in 1866.	It lasted 6 years and boasted 600,000 members. It served as a pathway for other organizations such as The Knights of Labor.
Knights of Labor	Founded in 1869 and spread rapidly during the years of depression after 1873. Its preamble and platform endorsed producers' and consumers' cooperatives.	In 1884, a successful strike was made against wage cuts in the Union Pacific.
Anarchists	They believed that government was an abusive device used by the rich to exploit the working poor.	Anarchism was imbedded in leaders, and seven of them died during May 3, 1886, in Chicago's International Harvester plant.
Haymarket Affair	Occurred on May 3, 1886, in Chicago’s International Harvester plant. It was a clash between strikers and policemen, and one striker was previously killed.	Seven of the anarchist leaders were sentenced to death, despite the claims that they were not responsible for the bomb. Indirectly led to the dissolution of the Knights of Labor.
American Federation of Labor	One of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers.	In 1905, the Industrial Workers of the world was created as an alternative to the AFL. In 1920, it reached a peak of 4 million members.
Samuel Gompers	Was an American labor union leader and an effective figure in the American labor movement.	Served as the AFL president until his death in1924. He worked to spread unionism. He inspired the use of boycotting and strikes instead of political intervention. His insistence against political affiliation led indirectly to the formation of the IWW.
Homestead Steel Strike of 1892	Carnegie was well aware of the use of labor-saving devices and an attempt to smash the union of The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.	On July 6, 1892, the Pinkertons floated up the Monongahela River on barges, opened fire. They were previously hired as union busters; the Homestead Works faced the deaths of nine workers and seven Pinkertons.
Pullman Strike of 1894	It grew out of dispute of the town of Pullman, Illinois, which housed workers of Pullman Palace Car Company in neat homes with neat streets. The Strike began on May 11, 1894 because of the delusive nature of this area.	It impacted 27 states and territories greatly. The strike ended on July 13 due to Union retreat, and Eugene V. Debs was sentenced to six months in jail.
Eugene V. Debs	An American labor and political leader. He was a five-time socialist Party candidate for the President of the United States.	He made an anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio on June 16, 1918. He was arrested under the Espionage Act of 1917 and sentenced to ten years in prison along with the loss of his citizenship. He received 913,664 votes while serving his prison term.
Glover Cleveland	Served as the 22nd and 24th president of the United States. He is the only President to serve two non-consecutive terms. At 44, he emerged into politics	He was the only democrat elected to the presidency in the era of Republican political domination between the Civil War and Wilson’s election in 1912.
Socialism	Eugene V. Debs formed a coalition that embraced viewpoints from moderate reform to doctrinaire Marxism. It became successful, and by 1912 the Socialist Party seemed well on the way to becoming a permanent part of American politics.	: The party reached its largest success in1912. During WWI , it was speckled with disagreements about the war, and it quickly declined. The Great Depression interrupted the decline.
Industrial Workers of the World	Dubbed the Wobblies, this served to revive industrial unionism. The foundation was the Western Federation of Miners. It witnessed a deal of internal disputes.	Despite its attempts at an already tried idea, it died at the brink of WWI. They were branded as anarchists, bums, and criminals. They left behind a rich folklore of the nomadic working folk and heroic agitators.
Tenements	The rise in housing and urbanization of America	rise of metropolitan America created an array of social problems.
Ellis Island	The joint jurisdiction of NJ and NY is located in New York Harbor at the mouth of the Hudson River. At one point in time, it was the centralized location for immigration acceptance	A number of immigrants were ordered to return to their countries due to chronic illnesses, but the majority was allowed to enter America
Chinese Exclusion	The Chinese Exclusion Act was an immigration policy implemented in May, 1882. It initially kept Chinese laborers form immigrating to the United States.	This recognized as one of the major defining events of Chinese American history that rejected a racial group form entering the U.S. It was repealed in 1943
William “Buffalo Bill” Cody	He obtained his nickname for supplying Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. He worked as a trapper, fifty-niner, pony express rider, Civil War soldier, and performed additional professions.	He toured the United States after his frontiersman days. He became interested in the show business. He founded the Buffalo Bill Wild West show, observed the exploitation of western America, and he established a circus.
Vaudeville	A variety-theatre commonly referred to as “People’s Theatre”. It flourished in America form the 1880s to the 1920s.	It served as a popular form of entertainment for the period listed above. Unfortunately, it began phasing out and has all but disappeared form the stage as of today.
Baseball	It is believed to have descended from crick rounders, and town ball. The first list of rules was created in 1845 and the professional league began in 1876	: It became so popular that it became a way of life for some people. Two major leagues began playing a World Series in 1903. Baseball has now spread outside of the United States and it is a common competitive sport in other countries.
Bicycles	The earliest forebears of the bicycles were known as velocipedes. The first practical bike was created in 1816 as a machine to collect taxes from tenants. It was further improved in the 1850s and 1860s by Frenchman Ernest Michaus and his pupil, Pierre	The frame went through countless evolutions, but the bike has come a long way. It is now categorized in many areas and is a common form of transportation.
Charles Darwin	An English naturalist whose theory for the foundation of humankind laid the path for evolution. He proposed natural selection	His book, The Origin of Species, portrayed the ideas of natural selection. He made a gallant endeavor on the HMS Beagle to observe the world. His findings in the Galapagos Islands influenced his theory the most.
Herbert Spencer	An English philosopher. He became an innovative and thoughtful writer.	He proposed a radical classical liberal philosophy in The Man versus the State. He portrayed ideas that were based on evolution.
Social Darwinism	Applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection and “survival of the fittest” to human society—the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive.	Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.
Reform Darwinism	After 1890, social reformers used Darwinism to advocate a stronger role for government and the introduction of various policies	They proposed to control human heredity by passing laws that forbid marriage between races or that restrict breeding for various social “misfits” such as criminals or the mentally ill.
Pragmatism	A philosophy, which focuses only one the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.	The inventive experimental spirit focusing on tangible results.
John Dewey	American philosopher and educator, he led the philosophical movement called Pragmatism. Influenced by evolution, he believed that only reason and knowledge could be used to solve problems.	Wanted educational reforms
Samuel Clemens	All- time great American author. AKA: Mark Twain	Wrote the Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Huckleberry Finn (1885)
Realism	A Literary movement	realism came about after the civil war and took the place of Romanticism
Naturalists	Portraying life in a scientifically detached manner	Influenced by evolutionary theory, and saw human beings as creatures constrained by heredity and environment, rather than as beings with free will
Social Criticism	Naturalists who harbor intense average on human misery	Wanted basic rights for everybody
Jane Addams	Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working claims	In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S. to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency, and help immigrants learn to speak English.
Hull House	One of Hundreds of settlement houses that operated by the early twentieth century.	to help new immigrants
Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convection on women’s rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, this declared men and woman to be equal and demanded the right to vote for woman.	Co-founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
National American Woman Suffrage Association	Promoted a woman’s suffrage amendment to the constitution	Try to make both sexes have the same rights
Gilded Age	A greatly expanding economy and the emergence of plutocratic influences in government and society.	The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.
City Machines	Union took an active role providing campaign funds and votes	Blacks had traditionally been Republican but ¾ had shifted to the Democratic Party. Roosevelt still received strong support from ethnic whites in big cities and Midwestern farmers
Monopolies	A business buying out another business	They did not have any competition
Munn v. Illinois	Courts against railroad companies	Railroad companies were successful and continued doing what they are doing.
Rutherford Hayes	The nineteenth president of the United States	Was in favor of half breeds (Irish, Chinese)
Stalwarts	Republicans fighting for civil service reform during Garfield’s term	They supported Cleveland.
Election of 1880	James Garfield, Winfred Hancock, and James Weaver all ran against each other	James Garfield won
James Garfield	Was the 20th president	Was assassinated by Charles Guiteau
Charles Guiteau	Was an American Lawyer with a history of mental illness	Assassinated President James Garfield on July 2, 1881
Chester Arthur	Vice president to James Garfield and became 21st president	Dedicated the Washington memorial on 2-21-1885
Pendleton Civil Service Act	the first federal regulatory commission	Office holders would be assessed on a merit basis to be sure they were fit for duty. Brought about by the assassination of Garfield by an immigrant who was angry about being unable to get a government job.
Election of 1884	Democrat- Cleveland – 219 electoral: 4,911,017 popular. Blaine – 182 electoral: 4,848,334 popular. Butler -175,370 popular. St. John 150,369 popular.	Cleveland was the first Democrat to be president since Buchanan. He benefited from the split in the Republican Party.
James G. Blaine	Was the Secretary of State to James Garfield.	was rewarded by Grover Cleveland for his support
Mugwumps	Republicans who changed their vote during the 1884 election from Blaine to Cleveland.	Mugwump is the Algonquin Indian word for “chief” and was used in a N.Y. Sun editorial to criticize the arrogance of the renegade Republicans
Grover Cleveland	22nd & 24th president	only president to serve two non-consecutive terms
Interstate Commerce Commission	A five-member board that monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states.	designed to address issues of the railroads.
Election of 1888	Republican- Harrison- 233 electoral; 5,444,337 popular.	Harrison said he would protect American industry with a high tariff. Issues were civil service reform and tariffs.
Benjamin Harrison	23rd president	only president to have a grandson as another president
Sherman Antitrust Act	A federal law that committed the American government to opposing monopolies	It prohibits contracts, combinations, and conspiracies in restraint of trade.
Grange	Played important acts by demonstrating farmers were capable of organizing.	devoted to education events and social gatherings
Farmers’ Alliance	Created by the falling prices, and climbing interests	Proved to be incapable of confronting the farm over product issues
Charles W. Macune	President of the farmers’ alliance in 1887.	Proposed to exert pressure on congress to assist southern farmers
Populist Party	named the People’s Party, but commonly known as the Populist Party, it was founded in 1891 in Cincinnati, Ohio.	wrote a platform for the 1892 election in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.
Depression of 1893	profits dwindled; businesses went bankrupt and slid into debt	Caused loss of business confidence. 20% of the workforce unemployed. Led to the Pullman Strike.
Silverites	Ones who wanted silver during the election of 1896	wanted silver to keep gold over 100 billion
Goldbugs	Ones who wanted gold instead of switching to silver	wanted gold on their dollar bills instead of green
World War I	A war between the allies (Russia, France, the British Empire, Italy, United States, Japan, Rumania, Serbia, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Montenegro) and the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria) from 1914 to 1918	First war that involved the entire world
Triple Alliance	Germany, Austria and Hungary formed an alliance for protection from the Triple Entente	Made the war larger than two countries
Triple Entente	Britain, France and Russia all had economic and territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for protection	Made the war larger than two countries
Trench Warfare	A type of combat in which the enemies fight from a system of trenches	Allowed soldiers to shoot and be protected at the same time
U- Boats	A submarine of the German navy	Led to German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare
Lusitania	May 7, 1915, British passenger ships were regularly sunk by German subs, the Lusitania had Americans aboard and brought the U.S. into the war and eventually sunk	Germany promised to stop submarine warfare
Election of 1916	The Democrats emphasized a program of domestic reform	Promised to keep the peace
Zimmerman telegram	Telegram sent to the German ambassador from the German minister suggesting an alliance between Mexico and Germany	It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilize against Germany, which had proven it was hostile.
General John J. Pershing	Military general who led his 11 thousand-man troops into Mexico to chase Villa	A year passed and the general didn’t find Villa. Carranza forced war on the bandits and put through a liberal constitution
Selective Service Act of 1917 and 1918	All men between the ages of 21-30 (later 18-45) had to register for the service	By the time the lottery came around 24 million men were registered only 2 million Americans crossed the Atlantic and about 1.4 saw combat
Herbert Hoover	He led the Food Administration and started many programs to streamline food production and distribution.	Raised crop production while he reduced civilian use like “meatless Tuesdays”
Great Migration	Northern business sent recruiting agents into the Deep South to find workers for their factories and mills, and over 400,000 southern blacks	African Americans living in the north had rippled from the 1910 levels
George Creel	Organized a propaganda machine to convey the allies war aims to people where it might encouraged the forces of moderation	Mobilized public opinions
Espionage and Sedition Acts of 1917	Effectively outlawed criticism of government leaders and war policies	These laws led to more than 1500 prosecutions 1000 convictions
Schenck v. United States	Circulated a flyer to drafted men. The flyer cited the 13 amendments provision against “involuntary servitude”	Charged with conspiracy recently drafted soldiers to petition
October Revolution	The Russian government succumbed to a revolution, which promised the Russian people, “Peace, land, and Bread”	The Central Powers were now free to concentrate their forces on the western front
Western Front	Series of battles that took place in 1918 during WWI	Second Battle of Marne was the turning point. The allied morale was decreased
Second Battle of the Marne	American troops retook Cantiguy and held it. A marine brigade blocked the Germany Belleau Wood.	It had little military significance, their effort and allied morale was great
Meuse- Argonne	Employed American divisions in a drive toward the rail center at Sedan	- It supplied the entire German front. The largest American action of the war, it cost 117,000 American casualties, including 26,000 dead.
“Reds”	Nickname of the Russian Communists	The Bolsheviks were able to obtain their power, defeat the “whites”, and withdraw from the WWI. The Russians therefore they didn’t participate in the peace settlements
Fourteen Points	Wilson’s ideas that he wanted included in the WWI peace treaty	His most important was the League of Nations
Paris Peace Conference	President Wilson and the prime ministers of France, Britain, and Italy met in Paris on January 18, 1919	Hoped to end the war
League of Nations	Devised by President Wilson, it reflected the power of large countries.	Would provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances without having to resort to war.
Versailles Treaty	The Palace of Versailles was the site of the signing of the peace treaty that ended WWI on June 28, 1919.	Created the League of Nations
Henry Cabot Lodge	Lodge was against the League of Nations, so he packed the foreign relations committee with crisis	Was successful in convincing the Senate to reject the treaty
Spanish Flu	During postwar life many Americans came down with the flu	More people died of the flu than in the war (22 million world wide and 500,000+ were Americans)
Red Scare	In 1919, the Communist Party was gaining strength in the U.S.	4,000 “Communists” were jailed, some were deported
Nativism	An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840’s and 1850’s and again after WWI.	Limited immigration
Sacco and Vanzetti	Convicted on circumstantial evidence	Demonstrates the fear Americans had for immigrants
Ku Klux Klan	Based on the post-Civil War terrorist organization, the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was founded in Georgia in 1915 by William Simmons to fight the growing "influence" of blacks, Jews and Catholics in US society	It experienced phenomenal growth in the 1920's, especially in the Midwest and Ohio Valley states. Its peak membership came in 1924 at 3 million members, but its reputation for violence led to rapid decline by 1929
Fundamentalism	Protestant movement grounded in a liberal in interpretation of the Bible	They were skeptical of scientific knowledge and argued that all the knowledge people needed was in the Bible
Scopes “Monkey” Trial	Prosecution of Dayton John Scopes for violation of the Butler Act.	evolution vs. Creation
William Jennings Bryan	prosecuted the case “Monkey Trial”	Scopes was convicted and fined $100
Clarence Darrow	Defended Scopes in the “Monkey Trial”	Scopes was convicted and fined $100
Prohibition	1919, the 18th Amendment outlawed the manufacture or sale of intoxicating liquors.	generated disrespect for the law but had other harmful effects
Women’s Christian Temperance Union	group of women who advocated total abstinence from alcohol	Influenced government to ban alcohol during the1920s
Eighteenth Amendment	The manufacture, sale or transportation of alcohol into the U.S. was prohibited.	The first bootleggers came about
Al Capone	An Italian crime boss in Chicago	Created organized crime
Jazz Age	African and European musical tradition blended together	Produced new music
The Jazz Singer	first feature length introducing sound into pictures	Films became more popular
Flappers	A fashion rebellion against prudishness	Women became more liberated to make own choices
F. Scott Fitzgerald	A famous writer whose works include The Great Gatsby	Showed life in the 1920’s
Nineteenth Amendment	Constitutional amendment passed in 1920	Women were allowed to vote
Harlem Renaissance	Blacks showed a cultural expression in literary and artistic movement	Harlem was a center for blacks
Marcus Garvey	Black leader who advocated “black nationalism”	Give blacks more reason to fight for equal rights
NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	Promote more blacks to fight for equal rights
Albert Einstein	German physicist	Made other scientists research the unknown including the atom
Werner Heisenberg	Pioneering German physicist	Proved that human knowledge had limits
Ezra Pound	Leader of imagist movement	New form of poetry was introduced
T.S. Eliot	Poet in America during WWI; born in St. Louis	In 1948 Eliot received the Nobel Prize for literature during a fellowship stay at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study
Ernest Hemingway	Wrote Farewell to Arms	Influenced the development of twentieth century fiction
William Faulkner	New southern Writer	A triumph of modern style
Election of 1920	Republican, Warren G. Harding ran against democrat James Cox	This was the first election in which all women were allowed to vote
Warren G. Harding	29th president of the U.S.	Only served 27 months into his term of presidency before dying of pneumonia
Andrew Mellon	A wealthy banker	helped organize Union Trust Company and Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh
Teapot Dome scandal	Albert Fall illegally leased oil to Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny	Fall received gifts from the oilmen totaling about $404,000
Ohio Gang	A group of officials within Warren G. Harding’s administration	Committed scandals like the Teapot Dome scandal
Election of 1924	Coolidge ran against Davis	Coolidge won the election
Calvin Coolidge	The 30th president of the U.S	became the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech
Babbit	Novel by Sinclair Lewis	Showed the power of conformity
Federal Communications Commission	A radio commison that regulated industry	Made radio popular
Wright brothers	Made first airplane	Introduced new form of technology
Model T	Ford’s first car	Pioneered the assembly line
Yellow Dog contract	a legal contract or agreement made between an employer and an employee	prevented an employee from working for other employers in the same industry
Election of 1928	Hoover vs. Smith	Herbert Hoover won
Herbert Hoover	30th president of the U.S.	signed an act that made The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem
Stock Market Crash of 1929	Much debt, stock prices spiraling up, over-production and under-consuming - the stock market crashed. Germany's default on reparations caused European bank failures, which spread to the U.S	led to the Great Depression
Great Depression	Millions were out of work	Hoover and Roosevelt took different approaches to handle the depression
Hooverilles	Shacks of tarpaper and iron along city dumps and railroad tracks.	Caused Hoover not to win re-election
Reconstruction Finance Corporation	Created in 1932 to make loans to banks, insurance companies, and railroads, it was intended to provide emergency funds to help businesses overcome the effects of the Depression	It was later used to finance wartime projects during WW II.
Bonus Expeditionary Force	Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early	Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.
Election of 1932	Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt beat the Republican, Herbert Hoover who was running for reelection.	FDR promised relief for the unemployed, help for farmers, and a balanced budget.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt	Thirty- second president of the U.S, and served longer than any other president.	His unprecedented election to four terms in office will probably never be repeated.
Eleanor Roosevelt	Wife, mother, teacher, first lady of New York, first lady of the country, newspaper columnist, author, world traveler, diplomat, and seasoned politician.	Called one of the 20th century’s most influential women.
New Deal	Use of the authority government as an organized form of self help for all classes, groups, and sections of our country.	Some 13,000,000 people were out of work by March, 1933.
Emergency Banking Relief Act	Invested the president with power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks.	He assured that it was now safer to keep money in a reopened bank than “under the mattress”.
Hundred Days	An emergency session of Congress held from March 9 to June 16, 1933.	It later enacted the memorable Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act.
Twenty-first Amendment	Passed February, 1933 to repeal the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).	Congress legalized beer.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	Insured individual deposits up to $5000 (later raised)	Ended the disgraceful epidemic of bank failures.
Securities and Exchange Commission	Designed as a watchdog administrative agency.	Stock markets were to operate more as trading marts and less as gambling casinos
Civilian Conservation Corps	Provided employment in fresh-air government camps for about 3 million uniformed young men.	Most popular of all the New Deal “alphabetical agencies.”
Federal Emergency Relief Administration	Immediate relief rather than long range recovery.	Granted about $3 billion to the states for direct dole payments or preferably for wages on work projects.
Civil Works Administration	Designed to provide purely temporary jobs during the cruel winter emergency.	Tens of thousands of jobless were employed at leaf raking and other make- work tasks.
Works Progress Administration	Employment on useful projects.	Over a period of eight years, nearly 9 million people were given jobs.
Agricultural Adjustment Act	To establish “parity prices” for basic commodities.	Was killed by the Supreme Court in 1936 by declaring its regulatory taxation provisions unconstitutional.
United States v. Butler	A case when the Supreme Court of the U.S ruled unconstitutional the processing taxes instituted under the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act.	: Justice Owen Josephus Roberts argued that the tax was an “unconstitutional end” that violated the 10th amendment.
National Industrial Recovery Act	Established codes of fair competition aimed at supporting prices and wages and stimulating economic revival from the Great Depression.	The law created a National Recovery Administration to promote compliance on the part of corporations.
Public Works Administration	Intended both for industrial recovery, and for employment relief. It was also intended for long range recovery.	An achievement from it was the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River.
National Recovery Administration	Designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed.	Workers were formally guaranteed the right to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing.
Tennessee Valley Authority	To discover precisely how much the production and distribution of electricity cost.	The most revolutionary of all the New Deal schemes.
Dust Bowl	The sun being darkened by millions of tons of powdery top soil torn from homesteads in an area that stretched from eastern Colorado to western Missouri.	Overawed victims of the Dust Bowl disaster predicted the end of the world or the second coming.
The Grapes of Wrath	A moving tale of the Joad family’s migration out of the Oklahoma Dust Bowl to depression-era California.	Americans that were forced to endure this misery aroused intense indignation among millions of readers.
Federal Housing Administration	Set up to speed recovery and better homes.	Proved to be one of the few “alphabetical agencies” to outlast the age of Roosevelt.
Richard Wright	Famous black author.	Made the bestseller lists.
Second New Deal	Some thought the first New Deal did too much and created a big deficit.	This led FDR to propose a second series of initiatives in 1935.
Al Smith	Four-time governor of New York and first Catholic presidential candidate.	One of the most colorful personalities in American politics.
Huey P. Long, Jr.	Governor of Louisiana, even while he ruled the state with a dictatorial hand.	Publicized his “Share Our Wealth” program.
Francis E. Townsend	A retired physician whose savings had just been wiped out.	Attracted the trusting support of perhaps 5 million senior citizens.
Father Charles E. Coughlin	A catholic priest in Michigan who began broadcasting in 1930.	Defeated President Roosevelt’s effort to win Senate ratification of a treaty providing for Americans membership in the World Court.
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States	The learned justices unanimously held that congress could not delegate legislative powers to the executive.	They further declared that congressional control of interstate commerce could not properly apply to a local fowl business.
National Labor Relations Board	For administrative purposes and reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively through representatives of its own choice.	Proved to be one of the real milestones on the rocky road of the U.S. labor movement.
Social Security Act	One of the most complicated and far-reaching laws ever to pass congress.	By 1939, over 45 million people were eligible for Social Security benefits.
Revenue Act of 1935	Known as the Wealth Tax Act.	Increased income tax rates for wealthy Americans and corporations.
Election of 1936	Democrats renominated Roosevelt on a platform squarely endorsing the New Deal.	FDR won primarily because he appealed to the “forgotten man,” whom he never forgot.
Court-packing plan	The scheme to pack the Supreme Court with justices that were more agreeable to Roosevelt’s New Deal.	Was further undermined and hurt Roosevelt’s reputation.
American Federation of Labor	Began in 1886 with about 140,000 members.	It is a federation of different unions.
Committee for Industrial Organization	Within the ranks of the skilled-craft American Federation of Labor.	Finally won a resounding victory when its union was recognized by General Motors as the sole bargaining agency for its employers.
United Auto Workers	Officially the United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural implement workers of America International Union.	One of the largest labor unions in North America, with more than 700,000 members in the U.S, Canada, and Puerto Rico.
United States Housing Authority	Designed to lend money to states or communities for low cost construction.	For the first time in a century, the slum areas in America ceased growing and even shrank.
Committee on Un-American Activities	House of Representatives committee designed to investigate disloyalty and subversive organizations.	Was abolished in 1975.
Martin Dies	A lawyer represented Texas as a Democratic member of the U.S House of Representatives	Was notorious for its exposes of alleged communist infiltration into U.S business and government.
Reparations	As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the allies to repay the costs of the war.	It quickly led to a severe depression in Germany.
Isolationism	Reigned in the Coolidge era.	The Senate proved unwilling to allow America to adhere to the World Court.
Disarmament	Naval disarmament and the situation in the Far East	Went to all the major naval powers except Bolshevik Russia, whose government the U.S refused to recognize.
Five- Power Naval Treaty (1922)	Embodied Hughes’s ideas on ship ratios.	Only was offered to the insecure Japanese.
Four-Power Treaty	Replaced the twenty-year-old Anglo-Japanese alliance.	Bound Britain, Japan, France, and the United States to preserve the status quo in the Pacific.
The Nine Power Treaty	The USA, Belgium, the British Empire, China France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and Portugal agreed to guarantee China’s independence and maintained an Open Door Policy.	US regained the moral influence it lost by not joining the League of Nations.
Kellogg-Briand Pact	Also known as the Pact of Paris, is a treaty between the US and other nations “providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy.”	The pact is a binding treaty under international law and, from a technical legal point of view, it remains in force as part of the supreme positive law of the US, under Article VI of the US Constitution. It was intended as a pact to end war.
“Good Neighbor” Policy	Under FDR’s leadership the US emphasized cooperation and trade with Latin America rather than military force to maintain stability in the hemisphere.	Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy represented an attempt to distance the US from earlier interventionist policies, such as the Roosevelt Corollary and military interventions in the region during the 1910’s and 1920’s.
Manchukuo	Manchukuo was a nominally independent puppet state set up by the Empire of Japan in Manchuria which existed from 1931 to 1945.	With Japanese investment and rich natural resources, the area became an industrial powerhouse. Eventually, Japanese became the official language taught in Manchukuo schools and Shinto became the national religion.
Benito Mussolini	Ruled Italy as a dictator from 1922 to 1943. He created fascist state through the use of state terror and propaganda. Using his charisma, total control of the media and intimidation of political rivals, he disassembled the existing democratic government	His entry into WWII on the side of Nazi Germany made Italy a target for Allied attacks and ultimately led to his downfall and death.
Adolf Hitler	Was leader of the Natioanl Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party (1921-1945) and Fuhrer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor) of Germany during the Third Reich(1933-1945).	His belief in the racial superiority of the “Aryans” led to the Holocaust, the most brutal, organized and systemic attempt at genocide the world has seen, which resulted in the death of 6 million Jews, most of European Jewry.
Bolsheviks	The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP), the Marxist political party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917, a world- historical event known as the October Revolution.	Shortly after the Bolsheviks seized power during the Russian Revolution of 1917, they changed their name to the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1918 and were generally known as the Communist Party after that point.
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo “Axis”	The Axis Powers is a term for the loose alliance of participants in World War II led by Germany, Italy, and Japan. The three major Axis powers referred to themselves as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis.	The Axis powers were opposed by the Allies and ultimately defeated in World War II.
Anshluss	The general German term Anshluss is part of the specific political incident Anschluss Osterreichs referring to the inclusion of Austria in a “Greater Germany” in 1938.	Annexed Austria as part of Germany and disbanded the Austro-Hungarian empire.
Czechoslovakia	Was a country in Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992 (except for the WWII period). It was the most industrialized part of the former Austria-Hungary, was a democratic republic throughout the pre-WWII period, but had ethnic problems	After the Munich Agreement of 1938, Hitler’s troops invaded the Sudentenland. Czechoslovakia ceased to exist on March 1939, when Hitler occupied whole of the Czech lands and (the remaining) Slovakia was forced to declare independence.
Neutrality Act of 1935	The Neutrality Act of 1935 prohibited American citizens from selling arms to belligerents in international war. It resulted from Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia.	Prohibited sales of arms to nations engaged in war.
Spanish Civil War	Was the result of complex political differences between the Republicans, mostly subscribing to electoral democracy, and the Nationalists, who rebelled against that government and had a primarily rural and more conservative power base.	Ended in the defeat of the Republicans, resulting in the fascist dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
Francisco Franco	Dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. Also known as Generalismo Francisco Franco. Full Name: Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teodulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Adnrade.	Known as el “Caudillo de Espana”, and officially as “Caudillo de Espana por la gracia de Dios” (The Leader of Spain by the grace of God), presided over the authoritarian government of the Spanish State following victory in the Spanish Civil War.
Blitzkreig	German for “lightning war” was an operational-level military doctrine which employed mobile forces attacking with speed and surprise to prevent an enemy from organizing a coherent defense	The aim is hit as hard and as fast against the enemy as possible and to leave them dumbfounded and reeling from the attack.
Battle of Britain	A major campaign of World War II, the Battle of Britain is the name for the attempt by Germany’s Luftwaffe to gain control of British airspace production and intimidate the nation into neutrality or surrender.	Britain’s defeat in this battle would have meant that Germany would have taken over Britain (they already had plans for what they would do after they took over) and would have made it more difficult, if not impossible for the Allies to beat back the Ger
Winston Churchill	A British politician, best known as Prime Minister of The United Kingdom during WWII.	At various times an author, soldier, journalist, and legislator, Churchill is generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world history.
Wendell Wilkie	A lawyer, born in Elwood, Indiana on February 18, 1892, the only native of Indiana to be nominated as the presidential candidate for a national party. In 1940 he was the Republican nominee for the 1940 presidential election.	Wilkie lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. After the election, Wilkie became one of Roosevelt’s most unlikely allies.
Election of 1936	Presidential elections held in 1936, Roosevelt (Democrat), Alfred M. Landon (Republican) and William Lemke (Union).	Roosevelt won.
“Lend-Lease” Program	On the 11th of March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, and lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers.	A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease. The money went to 38 different countries with Britain receiving over $31 billion. Over the next few years the British government repaid $650 million of this sum.
Erwin Rommel	Erwin Johannes Eugene Rommel was one of the most distinguished German Field Marshals and commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps in WWII. He is also known by his nickname The Desert Fox	Commander of Nazi German forces in Africa and at the battle of Al-Alamein.
Tri-Partite Pact	Three Power Pact between Germany, Italy, and Japan.	Their prime purpose was to establish and maintain a new order of things calculated to promote the mutual prosperity and welfare of the peoples concerned.
General Douglas MacArthur	An American military leader. He is the most decorated soldier in the history of the US military. He served in the US army most of his life, taking part in three major wars (WWI, WWII, Korean War) and rising to the rank of General of the Army.	MacArthur remains one of the most controversial figures in American history. While greatly admired by many for his strategic and tactical brilliance, MacArthur is also criticized by many for his actions in command.
Pearl Harbor	December 7, 1941 Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor was one of the defining moments in history.	A single carefully planned and well-executed stroke removed the US battleships. Sparked US entrance into WWII.
Kamikaze	A fighter plane used for suicide missions by Japanese pilots in WWII. A trained pilot who was willing to commit suicide.	It is designed to meet the highest expectations of martial arts.
Philippines	Became a Spanish colony during the 16th century: they were ceded to the US in 1898 following the Spanish-American War.	In 1933 the Philippines became a self-governing commonwealth.
Coral Sea	Fought in the waters southwest of the Solomon Islands and eastward from New Guinea.	It was the first of the Pacific War’s six fights between opposing aircraft carrier forces.
Midway	Fought over and near the tiny US mid-Pacific base at Midway Atoll.	This represents the strategic high water mark of Japan’s Pacific Ocean War. The two opposing fleets were essentially equals.
War Production Board	US government agency. It was established by the executive branch.	This was to direct war production and the procurement of materials in WWII.
Office of Price Administration	Established to prevent wartime inflation.	The OPA issued a general maximum price regulation that made prices charged in March 1942, the ceiling prices for most commodities.
Rosie the Riveter	The woman depicted on many of the propaganda posters.	Wearing a red and white bandana to cover her hair, and she has rolled back the sleeve of her blue coverall to expose a flexed bicep. Symbolized women factory workers of WWII.
Internment of Japanese Americans	US government forced more than 120,000 to leave their homes to live in camps.	Roosevelt issued the Executive Order 9066. It permitted the military to bypass safeguards in the name of the National defense.
Nazis	Followers of Hitler, racist, a member of the German National Socialist party	Came to power under the leadership of Hitler.
Dwight D. Eishenhower	He was the 34th president of the US. Served 2 terms from 1953-1961. Born October 14, 1890 in Desion, Texas.	He proposed that the US and Russia exchange blueprints of military establishments. His goal was to maintain world peace. Instrumental in WWII in North Africa and D-Day.
Casablanca Meeting	Meeting between Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill.	They planned future global military strategy for the western allies.
Axis Powers	Coalition of countries that opposed the allied powers in WWII.	It came to a formal end when the allies ratified the unconditional surrender of Germany on May 8th 1945.
Allies Powers	Name given to any of several alliances ratified the unconditional surrender Germany, Italy, and Japan.	Included Britain, the United States, and Russia
Battle of the Atlantic	War between Germany and Britain.	After a few years Germany was forced to surrender the victory went to the Britain.
Luftwaffe	German air force during WWII	Germans were very good at aerial combats.
Teheran Meeting	Held between the 2 Cairo conferences between Frank Roosevelt and Minister Churchill.	A separate agreement was signed by the Big Three promising to maintain Iran’s independence.
D-Day	Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops stormed the beaches at Normandy and begun the process of re-taking France.	Assembled the largest force in the history of amphibious warfare and represented a major turning point in World War II
Operation Overlord	The 1944 Allied assault on Nazi occupied northern Europe.	Code name for the D-Day invasion
Douglass MacArthur	An American General, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during WWII.	Served as a chairman of the board of the Ramington Rond Cooperation supervised the postwar occupation of Japan, which led UN forces during the Korean War.
Leapfrogging	To advance military units by having one engage the enemy while the other passes around the battle	Technique used by Americans in the Pacific front of WWII
Admiral Nimitz	Helped lead the US to victory 252 line and staff admirals and commandoes.	Open pursuit of permanent higher ranks of WWII.
Battle of Leyte Gulf	It was a 3 day battle	Japanese and Americans lost a lot of their ships in the battle. Including the Japanese ship called the Musashi.
Election of 1944	Roosevelt’s fourth election to office.	Truman was chosen as vice president.
Battle of the Bulge	Largest land battle of WWII.	Defeat of Germany. America, Germany, and Britain were involved.
Yalta	City in the Ukraine which earned worldwide attention in 1945.	Site of the Yalta Conference among the “Big Three” powers of WWII.
Big Three	Nickname given to the Allied leaders of WWII	Included Churchill (Britain), FDR (USA), and Stalin (Russia)
Third Reich	Name given to Germany during the years 1933 - 1945	The country was under control of the Nazi party under Adolf Hitler.
Iwo Jima	A volcanic island. It’s the war land between Japan and the US.	It was officially declared secured on March 17: resistance was not extinguished until 9 days later. The US won the war against Japan.
Manhattan Project	Physicists the world over recognized the possibility of utilizing the enormous energy released in this atomic reaction.	Seen as the starting point for a quality change in weaponry that figured large in the postwar arms race.
Harry S. Truman	33rd president of the US	Initiated the foreign policy of containing communism. Also he helped to centralize power in the executive branch.Initiated the foreign policy of containing communism. Also he helped to centralize power in the executive branch.
Potsdam Declaration	Signed by the US and Britain only. It calls for Japan to surrender but gave assurances that would be treated humanely.	American delegation disturbed by indications of Russian non-cooperation, left Potsdam in a far less optimistic mood.
Unconditional Surrender	US’s demand for Japan	Japan’s refusal led to the American use of atomic bombs
Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Cities in Western and Southwestern Japan.	Both Japanese islands were hit with nuclear bombs by the US.

Created by: shellenberger

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