| Flap 1 | Flap 2 |
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience |
| Classical Conditioning | Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are presented together.
EX: Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back auto |
| Stimulus | A change in the environment that elicit a response
EX: anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change. |
| acquisition | learning a new behavior. refers to the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened |
| delayed conditioning | ideal training in classical conditioning where the CS precedes UCS and briefly overlaps |
| trace conditioning | is classical conditioning, the CS is presented first, removed, then the UCS is presented |
| generalization | in classical conditioning, CRs elicited by stimuli that resemble the CS used in training. In operant conditioning, the occurrence of responding when a stimulus similar to the discriminative stimulus is present |
| backward conditioning | in classical conditioning, presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus |
| Aversive Conditioning | a form of behavior therapy in which the client is trained to associate physical or psychological discomfort with behaviors, thoughts, or situations the client wants to stop. |
| discrimination | in classical conditoning, the ability to tell the difference between the cS and stimuli similar to it that do not signal a UCs. |
| higher-order conditioning | classical conditioning in which a well learned CS is paired with a NS to produce a CR to the NS |
| Operant Conditioning | An active learner performs certain voluntary behaviors and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its reoccurence.
EX:Zachary gets into so much trouble in one afternoon (he pour out all his sister’s perfume, climbs out the window |
| Instrumental Learning | Learning that occurs when a response is weakened or strengthened by its consequences.
EX: A lion in a circus learns to stand up on a chair and jump through a hoop to receive a food treat. |
| Law and Effect | Thorndike's observation that behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened and behaviors followed by punishment are weakened |
| positive reinforcement | behavior emitted receives a reward, thus increasing the probability of that behavior |
| premack principle | a high probability response can serve as a reward for a low probability behavior, thus increasing it |
| negative reinforcement | a consequence of behavior that increases the frequency of a response that takes away something aversive |
| punishment | after a behavior is emitted in operant conditioning, and aversive stimulus or consequence that is given to decrease the behavior it follows |
| omission training | after behavior is emitted, a reward is taken away from the learner, thus decreasing the probability of recurrence of original behavior |
| avoidance behavior | behavior that results in the removal of an ongoing event, or prevents a future event from occuring |
| learned helplessness | the feeling of futility and passice resignation that results form inability to avoid repeated acersice events |
| primary reinforcer | important automatic and unlearned rewards, like food and drink |
| secondary reinforcer | stimuli we learn to see as important because they are connected to primary reinforcers |
| generalized reinforcer | secondary reinforcers that are associated with a wide cariety of other reinforcers, such as money, which is almost guaranteed to be motivating |
| token economy | a program used in institutions in which a persons acceptable behavior is reinforced with tokens that can be exchanged for special pribeleges or good. |
| continuous reinforcement | The schedule of reinforcement where each behavior emitted by the organism is rewarded. |
| fixed ratio | schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is presented after a set number of responses have been made since the previous reinforcement. |
