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Mendelian Genetics
Genetics, Punnett Squares, Probability
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| heterozygous | term used to describe a genotype with two different alleles. Example: Bb |
| homozygous | term used to describe a genotype consisting of two alleles which are the same. Example: bb |
| dominant | Term used to describe a genotype which contains one or both alleles of a gene whcih is always expressed if present. Dominant alleles are expressed with a capital letter. Example: Rr or RR |
| recessive | Term used to describe a genotype in which the alleles inherited from both parents would not be expressed unless they were both present. Recessive alleles are represented by a lower case letter. Example: rr |
| genotype | The genetic makeup of an organism. This is represented by capital and lower case letters. One letter indicates the allele inherited from the female parent and one letter represents the allele from the male parent. Example: BB, Bb, bb |
| phenotype | The actual physical characteristic expressed by two alleles, one from the mother and one from the father. Example: BB--brown eyes, bb--blue eyes |
| gamete | A reproductive cell such as an egg or a sperm cell in humans. |
| fertilization | The unification of male and female reproductive cells. Example: When a sperm unites with an egg. |
| embryo | An organism in early stages of development following fertilization |
| genetics | the scientific study of heredity |
| genes | chemcial factors on the DNA molecule that determine traits. Example: A gene can determine eye color, hair color, blood type |
| alleles | The different forms of a gene. Example: Both your mother and father will pass on a gene to you for eye color. The version of the gene on your Mom's gene may be for brown eyes. The version on your father's gene may be for blue eyes. These are alleles |
| The principle of dominance | Determined by Gregor Mendel, the principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive or hidden. An organism with a dominant |
| trait | a specific physical characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
| Mendel's Law of Segregation | During gamete formation,alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene. |
| Probability | The likelihood that a particular event will occur. In genetics, probability is used to determine the outcome of genetic crosses. |
| Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment | Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. |
| Incomplete Dominance | A case in which one allele is not completely dominant and the trait is somewhere in between what was inherited from the parents. Example: Red flowers (RR) mated with white flowers (WW) and the resulting plants have pink (RW) flowers. |
| Multiple alleles | Genes that have more than two alleles within a population. Example: Coat color in rabbits |
| Polygenic Traits | Produced by the interaction of several genes. Example: Skin color in humans is controlled by more than 4 different genes. |
| Codominance | Both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Example: In some chickens, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. A heterozygous genotype results in a chicken with speckled black and white feathers. |
Created by:
smerrill
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