APA Policy Guide - Security
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| Security | Pertains to both natural and manmade disasters (e.g. terrorism, common crime, civil disorder, chemical spill, floods, fires, etc)
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| Homeland Security | The functions of Homeland Security is to: detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the US
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| Terrorism | The unlawful use of force and/or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
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| Threat Assessment / Vulnerability Assessment | A document prepared for adoption by a public agency that assesses its vulnerability to terrorist attacks, or to other criminal acts intended to disrupt the public agency's operations. Intended for confidential distribution.
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| Risk | 1) The potential for a loss or damage to an asset 2) Takes into account the value of an asset, the threats or hazards that potentially impact the asset, and the vulnerability of the asset to the threat or hazard
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| Assets | Tangible and intangible resources
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| Asset Value | The degree of debilitating impact that would be caused by the incapacity or destruction of an asset
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| Hazard | A source of potential danger or adverse condition that may be natural or manmade (either accidental or intentional) in origin
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| Threats | A subset of hazards that generally refer to intentional actions by an adversary
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| Threat/Hazard Assessment | The evaluation of threats and hazards based upon numerous characteristics such as existence, history, magnitude, and capability
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| Vulnerability | The susceptibility of an asset to hazard damage, or, in the security context, any weakness that can be exploited by an aggressor
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| Vulnerability Assessment | The evaluation of characteristics that contribute to and mitigate the susceptibility of vulnerability
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| Risk Assessment | An analysis that evaluates the interrelationship between the value of an asset, the threats against it, and its vulnerability to each applicable hazard and threat.
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| First Responders | Individuals that are responsible for protection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and the environment, as well as emergency management, public health, clinical care, public works, and other skilled support personnel & services
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| Mitigation | Measures intended to prevent threats to security, or to minimize the potential or actual impacts of a natural or man made disaster
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| Standoff Distance | The distance between an asset and a threat determined by a number of variables: type of threat and assets, desired level of protection, surrounding site conditions, site layout, communities' intelligence gathering and communication abilities
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| Layers of Defense | FEMA concept for the mitigation of potential terrorist attacks against buildings and infrastructure systems. Layer 1 = Surrounding Area. Layer 2 = Space, Natural, Physical Barriers. Layer 3 = The building itself
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| Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) (New Urbanism design principle) | Three primary principles: 1) natural access control, 2) natural surveillance, and 3) territoriality. Through the use of these principles, the physical environment can be modified or designed to eliminate the opportunities for a crime to be committed.
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| SafeScape (New Urbanism design principle) | An approach to designing communities that has the primary focus on creating a sense of community.
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| Security and Comprehensive Plans | 1) Security objectives and policies should be integrated into the various elements addressing L.U., transportation, infrastructure, etc to support community dev objectives & Smart Growth
2) Include Risk Assessment/Mgmt Framework
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| Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Federal law) | Establishes a process for States & local govs to request and obtain a Presidential disaster declaration, defines the type and scope of assistance available under the Stafford Act, and sets the conditions for obtaining that assistance.
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| Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Federal law) | Amended the Stafford Act for state, tribal, and local entities to closely coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts and links the planning requirements to eligibility for several categories of disaster recovery funding.
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| Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Federal law) | Established the United States Department of Homeland Security.
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| Critical Infrastructure Information Act (Federal law) | Regulates the use and disclosure of information submitted to DHS about vulnerabilities and threats to critical infrastructure.
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| APA Policy #1: The General Need for a Planned Approach | Security and emergency mgmt planning that is integrated with overall community development objectives, in order to achieve a balanced approach. Also, security planning should be comprehensive and should not rely solely on physical security measures.
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| APA Policy #2: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) and SafeScape | Planning that promote a sense of community, encompassing public involvement activities, defensible spaces, and "eyes on the street" (e.g. design controls, natural surveillance, natural access control, territoriality, good lighting design)
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| APA Policy #3: State and Local Policies Affecting Building Locations and Orientation, Street Closures, and the Public Realm | Promote the adoption and implementation of security planning policies that enable communities to implement strategies fostering smart growth. Sound planning and mitigation is the most cost effective approach to achieve a given level of security.
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| APA Policy #4: Policies and Standards Affecting the Location and Design of Federally Owned or Leased Facilities | Establishment of federal building location standards that are consistent with existing federal policies that encourage placement of federal facilities in urban locales and near transit to prevent unintended dispersion, sprawl, or land consumption..
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| APA Policy #5: Security Planning for Transportation Facilities and Services | Planning and implementation of vehicular and pedestrian evacuation routes balanced with community objectives as an element of comprehensive security plans involving the location and orientation of buildings and public spaces.
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| APA Policy #6: General Security Planning Policy for Public Facilities | Adoption of a security planning process for public facilities that provides a comprehensive focus on prevention, protection, response, and recovery/continuity beyond traditional plans.
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| APA Policy #7: Building Design for Security | Development of building, zoning, and urban design guidance that promotes general security objectives while balancing community objectives,
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| APA Policy #8: Incorporation of Security Issues into the Comprehensive Planning Process | Inclusion of a range of security measures into local and regional planning programs
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| APA Policy #9: Use of GIS and Related Technologies | Sharing GIS data on the federal, state, and local level for first responders and security purposes
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| APA Policy #10: Coordination with First Responders | Closer coordination of local and regional planners with emergency managers and first responders including police, fire, and emergency medical staffs.
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| APA Policy #11: Federal, State, and Local Consultation | Federal agencies to communicate with state and local elected officials as early in the program planning cycle as is reasonably feasible to explain specific plans and actions.
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| APA Policy #12: Threat, Vulnerability and Risk Assessments | Development of community-based planning strategies and design guidelines that provide guidance on how the physical environment can be designed or retrofitted in response to a threat assessment or identified threat level.
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| APA Policy #13: Access to Public Meetings and Records | The planning community should participate in confidentiality determinations and the classification of critical infrastructure information.
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| APA Policy #14: Allocation of Public Funds | Development of a national strategy that sets minimum standards for the protection of all citizens while concentrating funds and energy on areas at highest risk, for the purpose of allocating scarce resources among competing funding priorities.
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| APA Policy #15: Education and Research | Development of a wide range of professional development resources regarding security through APA publications, sponsored research, and support for conferences and symposia focused on security.
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