Chapters 13-15
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| Asthma | An episodic and reversible branchospasm resulting from exaggerated response to stimuli
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| Emphysema | is a permanent enlargement of the
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| Bronchiectasis | is a permanent dilation of the
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| Atelectasis | A collapsed lung due to inadequate expansion of
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| Obstructive lung disease | Lung capacity and forced vital capacity are near normal but can’t get the air out.
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| Restrictive lung diseases | characterized by
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| Asthma | is trapped distal to bronchi so lungs overinflate
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| Emphysema | permanent enlargement of the
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| Restrictive diseases | The FVC is reduced and the FEV1 normal so
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| Chronic restrictive lung disease | These patients have a proportionally reduced FEV1 / FVC and the ratio is not reduced.
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| Obstructive diseases | FEV / FVC ratio is reduced
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| Intrinsic asthma | Charcot-Leydin crystals (eosinophilic proteins)
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| Panacinar (panlobular) emphysema | a1 – antitrypsin deficiency
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| classic emphysemic | barrell chested
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| no bronchitis | when present there is a pink buffer
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| Bronchitis | when present there is a blue bloater
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| Interstitial lung disease | is basement membrane
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| Endothelial Damage | =poor perfusion
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| Alveolar Damage | =poor ventilation
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| Restrictive lung disease: | Adult respiratory distress syndrome ARDS:
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| ARDS | is usually caused by endothelial damage
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| Goodpasture’s syndrome | : Glomerulonephritis
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| pulmonary emboli | More than 95% of ____________ arise from
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| Primary pulmonary | : idiopathic hypertension
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| secondary pulmonary: | (1) Chronic or interstitial lung disease.
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| Tuberculosis Infection | means that the person has the TB
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| Tuberculosis Disease | with TB does equates tissue damage
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| Ghon focus | As sensitization develops there is a 1.5 cm
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| Ghon complex | If bacilli spread to nodes –escapes from lung
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| Pott’s disease | When vertebrae are affected by TB
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| Apical tumors (Pancoast tumors) | may invade sympathetic plexus > Horner’s syndrome
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| Azotemia | refers to an elevation of the blood
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| Post renal azotemia | : is urine flow obstruction, uretur
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| Prerenal azotemia | : is hypoperfusion. Kidney OK, blood clot outside kidney
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| Acute nephritic syndrome | is acute onset of visible hematuria, moderate proteinuria, and hypertension.
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| Nephrotic syndrome | has heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria.nuria,
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| cystitis | - inflammation of urinary bladder
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| nephritis | - inflammation of kidney
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| hematuria | - bloody urine
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| hemoglobinuria | – hemolytic disease
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| Acute renal failure (ARF) | presents with oliguria (scant urine) or anuria (no urine) with the recent onset of azotemia. It can result from glomerular injury, interstitial injury, or acute tubular necrosis.
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| endothelial cells | Fenestrated __________ - capillary walls
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| Glomerular basement membrane GMB | - lamina rara and densa collagen, anionic proteoglycans, fibronectin
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| Visceral epithelial cells- | podocytes with pedicels, filtration slits
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| Mesangial cells- | separate capillaries, phagocytic, contractile
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| hematuria | - bloody urine
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| hemoglobinuria | – hemolytic disease
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| glucosuria | – sugar in urine
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| proteinuria | –loss of protein in urine(> 3.5 gm/day), (albumin)
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| Hyperlipidemia | increased VLDL(associated with nephrotic syndrome appears to be a result of decreased plasma oncotic pressure, which stimulates hepatic VLDL synthesis and secretion)
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| nephritic syndrome albumin | globulin ratio gets reversed (normal: albumin 4.4 gm/dl and globulin 2.5 gm/dl)
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| anasarca | - Generalized edema
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| ascites | – abdominal edema
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| Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) | The histologic picture is the presence of crescentic masses in Bowman’s capsule due parietal cell proliferation
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| Adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) | - Defect in a gene producing polycystin
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| Urolithiasis | is calculus formation at any level in the urinary collection system, but most often calculi arise in the kidney
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| Cystine stones | can occur in genetically determined renal transport perturbations of certain amino acids and also as happens in uric acid stones, arises in acidic urine
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| hydroureter | dilated ureter
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| Hydronephrosis | refers to the dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, with accompanying atrophy of the parenchyma, caused by obstruction to the outflow of urine
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| Renal cell carcinoma | tumor can invade the renal vein and extend as a solid column even into the right side of the heart.
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| Wilms’ tumor | Too many cells proliferate in the kidney, increase in size of kidney
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| Herpesvirus infection-HV1 | -(fever blister, cold sore) - Common and transmitted by kissing
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| Genital herpes HSV -2 | - Transmitted by sexual contact, Vesicles on genital area
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| Pseudomembrane | - Candida albicans plaque when immunoprotection is lowered
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| thrush | - Candida albicans, Adherent white curd-like plaques anywhere in the mouth.
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| Hairy leukoplakia | is almost exclusively seen in AIDS and is caused by infection with the Epstein- Barr virus. Does not go to carcinoma. Whitish, well-defined, mucosal patch or plaque caused by epidermal thickening or hyperplasia
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| Aphthous ulcers (canker sores) | . Common, small (< 5 mm), painful, shallow ulcers. They form singly or as a group covered with a gray exudate and rimmed by erythematous tissue. They appear on the soft palate, buccolabial mucosa, floor of the mouth, and lateral sides of the tongue.
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| squamous cell carcinomas | The overwhelming preponderance of oral cavity cancers are
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| Sjogren’s syndrome | (blank)
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