| Term | Definition |
| Hierarchy of Speech Acts | 1. Neural Signals
2.Muscular Contractions
3. Structural Movement(lips, jaw, tongue, velum, vocal folds)
4. Areodynamic Events (result of structural movement- friction sounds, building up & releasing of pressure)
5.Acoustic Consequences
6.Speech |
| In order to have sound, you must have | 1. Something put into vibration
2. Something to conduct (i.e., carry or transmit) the sound vibrations |
| In order to have vibration | Something with elastic properties must be put into motion |
| Elasticity | -the tendency for an object to return to its normal resting state. |
| Inertia | -the tendency for a body at rest to remain at rest, or a body in motion to remain in motion. |
| Conductors | -conduct sound well |
| Insulators | -don’t conduct sound well |
| How Sound is Conducted | Compressions & Rarefactions |
| Degree of max compression | 90° |
| Degree of max rarefaction | 270° |
| 2 tones are presented, with identical frequency and intensity. However, they are 180 degrees out of phase. What happens? | cancellation |
| 2 tones are presented, with identical frequency and intensity, and the exact phase relationship. What would happen? | A single tone with increased amplitude |
| Amplitude | -The maximum displacement during a cycle of vibration
-The point of maximum compression |
| Sound is conducted through a medium by | The traveling of the disturbance. Air particles do NOT move a great distance, just enough to disturb the next air particle and so forth. |
| Rarefraction | point of stretch |
| Trough | valley that's the point of maximum rarefaction |
| Amplitude | peaks are point of maximum compression |
| relationship pf amplitude/compression and intensity. | The greater the compression/amplitudue, the greater the intensity. |
| We perceive intensity as | loudness |
| Damping | The gradual decrease in the amplitude of vibration over time |
| Psychological perception of frequency | Pitch |
| Psychological perception of Intensity | Loudness |
| 3 Physical Properties of Sound | -Frequency (# of cycles, pitch) -- measured in Hertz (Hz)
-Intensity (height of wave, amplitude) -- measured in decibels (dB)
-Duration -- measured in milliseconds (ms) |
| Frequency is determined by what? | -The number of complete cycles occurring during one second.
-The more cycles that occur in 1 sec the higher the frequency and vice versa. |
| In order to have a perceptible pitch, a frequency that you can hear, there has to be... | -Repetition
-each cycle must occur and reoccur at the same rate |
| periodic wave | A sound wave that repeats itself at regular intervals |
| aperiodic wave | -A sound wave that is non-repetitive, has a different rate for each cycle
-No specific frequency can be assigned to
-it has no perceptible pitch
-it is random noise |
| If a tone has 1000 cycles in one second, how long does it take to complete one cycle? or what is it's period | -each cycle takes 1/1000 of a second |
| How long does it take to complete one cycle of a 250 Hz tone? or what is it's period | -1/250 of a second |
| period | -The length of time it takes for a tone to complete one cycle of vibration |
| tones with higher frequencies have what kind of periods. | shorter |
| How to Convert to milliseconds | pull decimal to right 3 places. |
| What is the period of a 1000 Hz tone? | =1/1000 sec
=0.001 sec
=1 ms |
| What is the period of a 2000 Hz tone | =1/2000
=0.0005 sec
=0.5 ms |
| What is the period of a 250 Hz tone? | =1/250 sec
=0.004 sec
=4ms |
| What is the period of a 500 Hz tone? | =1/500 sec
=0.002 sec
=2ms |
| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 50 ms? | decimal moves left 3 times
= 0.050 sec
= 1/0.05
= 20 Hz |
| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 5 ms? | 5 ms= .005 sec
1/.005= 200hz |
| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 20 ms? | =0.020 sec
=1/.02
=50 Hz |
| How to calculate frequency with a graph | -must know the time per divion
-count how many seconds it takes to complete 1 cycle
-Ex:2ms to complete one cycle
2ms= .002 sec
1/.002
=500 Hz (frequency) |
