| Question | Answer |
| What is the hip flexion requirement for normal gait? | 0-30 degrees |
| What is the hip extension requirement for normal gait? | 0-15 degrees |
| What is the knee flexion requirement for normal gait? | 0-60 degrees |
| What is the knee extension requirement for normal gait? | 0 degrees |
| What is the ankle dorsiflexion requirement for normal gait? | 0-10 degrees |
| What is the ankle plantarflexion requirement for normal gait? | 0-20 degrees |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at initial contact (heel strike)? | Quadriceps(prepares for loading responce) & ankle dorsiflexors, Hamstrings- to extend the hip and prepare for loading responces |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at the loading response (foot flat)? | pretibial eccentric contraction, , Quadriceps eccentrically to absorb the shock, Hamstrings to extend the hip, Hip ABD stabilize the pelvis in the frontal plane |
| what are the muscle activation patterns at midstance? | ankle plantarflexors & hip abductors to stabilize the pelvis, hip extensors control forward trunk movement |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at terminal stance (heel off)? | ankle plantarflexors (concentric), hip adductors, erector spinae |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at preswing (toe off)? | rectus fermoris acts to restrain rapid knee flexion, momentum enables the femor to fall forward aided by th adductor longus and rectus femoris |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at initial swing (acceleration)? | pretibial initiate DF, knee flexors, hip flexors, and hip adductors, |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at midswing? | pretibial mm, Knee Ext. by momentum and gravity,hip flexors, and hamstrings begin to fire |
| What are the muscle activation patterns at terminal swing (deceleration)? | pretibials, Quads concentricly to ensure the full knee extension, Hamstrings active eccentricaly to decelerate, Gluteus max and Add. longus prepare the leg for the WB |
| What is the average BOS of an adult? | 2-4 inches |
| What is the cadence for an average adult? | 110-120 steps/min |
| What is the average degree of toe out for an adult? | 7 degrees |
| How much does the pelvis rotate during the gait cycle? | 8 degrees (4 degrees forward with the swing leg and 4 degrees backward with the stance leg, to maintain the balance thorax moves towards the opposite side. Helps to regulate speed of walking |
| What are the energy costs of walking? | Oxygen rate (comfortable pace): 12ml/kg x min & 5.5 kcal/min (level surfaces, depending on surface and body weight) |
| What increases energy costs of walking? | age, abnormal gait, use of assistive devices |
| When is the peak activity of the tibialis anterior during the gait cycle? | After initial contact (heel strike): Responsible for eccentric plantarflexion |
| When is the peak activity of the gastroc-soleus group during the gait cycle? | During late stance phase: Responsible for plantar flexion during toe off |
| When is the peak activity of the quadriceps during the gait cycle? | During periods of single support in stance phase and before toe off to initiate swing phase |
| When is the peak activity of the hamstrings during the gait cycle? | During late swing phase: Responsible for decelerating the unsupported limb |
| How much lateral pelvic shift (PELVIS LIST) occurs during the gait cycle and which muscle group controls it? | side to side movement of the pelvis, necessery to center the weight of the body over the stance leg,2.5-5 cm and facilitate function of hip adductors. Necessary for balance and control lateral movement of COG |
| What effect does increased cadence have on the gait cycle? | shorter step length, decreased duration of double support (running occurs when double support disappears, at about 180 steps/min) |
| what mm works together to shorten the stance limb in midstance (control the rise of COG) | Knee Flex, DF, and subtaler pronators |
| what mm works together to lengthen the stance limb | Knee Ext. PF, and subtalar supinators |
| how much is the vertical displacement of COG | less or equal to 5 cm total motion 2' |
| what is the horizontal displacement of COG | 2.5 - 5 cm total motion |
| where is the COG | 5 cm antrior to the S2 vertebrae |
| what is the normal stride length | 70-82 cm |
| Vertical Pelvis Shift | keeps the COG from moving up and down more than 5 cm during normal gait , the High point occurs at midstance and the low point during initial contact |
| Torque on ankle at initial contact | Ground contact posterior to the ankle joint center creates a planter flexion torque |
| Torque on knee at initial contact | A brief extension torque occurs |
| Torque on hip at initial contact | A rapid, high intensity flexion torque begins |
| Torque on ankle at loading response | Planter flexion torque quickly forces the foot to the floor, and then diminishes in late loading response |
| Torque on knee at loading response | A flexion torque is caused by the heel rocker action and the position of the body behind the foot |
| Torque on hip at loading response | A high intensity flexion torque is present(second highest during gait cycle) and an adduction torque begins |
| Torque on ankle during mid stance | A markedly increasing dorsiflexion torque occurs |
| Torque on knee during mid stance | the forward momentum created by the contralateral swing limb produces an extension torque. |
| Torque on the hip during mid stance | The contralateral swing limb moves the body past the stance limb leading to a change from a flexion to an extension torque. The adduction torque continues. |
