Valhalla High School Bentley AP World Ch. 4
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| Aryans | European tribes who settled in India after 1500 BCE; their union with the indigenous Dravidians formed the basis of Hinduism. | The Aryans introduced iron into India which improved agriculture and war, invented the caste system which facilitated social rankings, introduced a law system into India through The Lawbook of Manu, and helped start the foundations of Hinduism. | Unit 1 | 1500 BCE to 500 BCE | show | India
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| Harrapans | show | The Harrapans set up an advanced trade network that benefited India years later, the Harrapan Empire was the first empire of India, they introduced the first major religion to India, and were the first in India to cultivate wheat, barley, and cotton. | Unit 1 | 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE | Chapter 4 | India
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| Ecological Degradation | Harrapans deforested the Indus valley in order to clear land for cultivation, which led to erosion and reduced rainfall and virtually turned the Indus valley into a desert, and also was a leading factor in the decline of the Harrapan Empire. | Ecological degradation turned the Indus valley into a desert and even today, agriculture is only possible with the help of artificial irrigation. This degradation led to reduced agricultural yields and aided in the collapse of Harrapan society. | Unit 1 | About 1900 BCE | show | Indus River Valley
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| Caste | Social class system in which distinctions and restrictions on marriage, occupation, handling of food, and other matters are transferred through generations or through class. | The caste system reugalted social distinctions within India and consisted of four main varnas or classes: the Brahmins, kshatriyas, vaishyas, and shudras. These varnas afected occupation, education, and everyday life in India. | Unit 1 | 1000 BCE to early 20th Century | show | India
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| show | Also known as suttee, Indian practice of a widow throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband. | Sati was most prominent among the widows of socially advanced men, and therefore illustrated and reinforced the value of the patriarchal society in India at that time, and the devotion of a woman to her husband. | Unit 1 | 1st century BCE to 5th century CE | Chapter 4 | India
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| show | Early Indian god associated with the Aryans; Indra was the king of the gods and was associated with warfare and thunderbolts. | Indra represented the importance of war in the Aryan society, and influenced the concept of a supreme god to other Indian religions. | Unit 1 | 1500 BCE to 500 CE | Chapter 4 | India
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| Dravidians | Peoples who produced the brilliant Harappan society in India, 3000-1500 B.C.E. | The Dravidians established the first advanced political, social, and cultural order into India and helped develop that Harrapan empire, and also provided the foundation for the Harrapan and Aryan Empires. | Unit 1 | 3000 BCE to 1500 BCE | show | India
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| Indo-Europeans | Series of tribes from southern Russia who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia. | show | Unit 1 | Settled in India around 1500 BCE | Chapter 4 | India
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| show | Hindu subcastes which are similar to worker's guilds | The jati were extremely important in the caste system in India because they helped to socially classify the increasingly complicated society of India and also provided a massive hierarchy for the specialization of labor. | Unit 1 | appeared 500's BCE | Ch. 4 Pg. 97 | India
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| show | literal translation -"a sitting in front of", Hindu practice of disciples gathering before a sage to discuss religious issues | The Upanishads were extremely important because they allowed the Hindu followers to discuss the teachings of the Vedas and consult any religious turmoil within the society. The Upanishads developed doctrines that helped to explain karma and rebirth | Unit 1 | began to appear 800-400 BCE | Ch. 4 Pg. 101 | India
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| Samsara | Hindu term for the concept of transmigration, or the soul passing into a new incarnation. | Samsara is important because it is one of the fundamental beliefs of Hinduism: reincarnation. It had largely to do with karma and kept Hindu followers practicing good karma. | show | appeared with Upanishads around 400-800 BCE | Ch. 4 Pg. 101 | India
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| Moksha | a deep , dreamless sleep that came with permanent liberation from physical carnation. It entailed severing all ties with the physical world and identifying with the ultimate reality of Brahman, the universal soul. | Moksha was extremely impotant to the Hindu religion because it provided an ultimate goal for believers to look forward to, such as Nirvana is to Buddhism. | Unit 1 | began with the Upanishads in 800-400 BCE | show | India
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| Varuna | show | Varuna was the most important god to the Aryans. He had the power to severely punish all those who were evildoers. This was a form of religious government. | Unit 1 | 1500-500 BCE | Ch. 4 Pg. 100 | India
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| Brahman | Brahman was taught to be the eternal unchanging permanent foundation for all things that exist. It was thought to be a universal soul in which each person particpates. | This idea of a larger, cosmic order became the foundation of the Hindu religion. Brahman was the center of all Hindu practice and worship. | Unit 1 | began with the Upanishads around 800-400 BCE | show | India
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| Ascetism | Ascetism describes a life style of abstinance from various sorts of worldy pleasures often with the aim of pursuing religious and spiritual goals. | Hinduism became one of the earliest ascetic religions in history with an ultimate goal to be completely detatched from the physical world. | Unit 1 | show | Ch. 4 Pg. 104 | India
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| Vedas, Rig Veda, Vedic Age | Vedas and Rig Veda: Numerous compositions of hymns, prayers, and rituals honoring the various gods of the Aryans. Of these compositions, the earliest and most important is the Rig Veda. | The composition of the Vedas and Rig Veda were crucial to the creation of Hinduism. They were the foundation of Hinduist thought, beginning with the Upanishads. | Unit 1 | 1500-500 BCE | Ch. 4 Pg. 94 | show 🗑
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