Internal Medicine
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| Pharmacology | the study of drugs that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes
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| Drug | substance that affects the function of living cells, used in medicine to diagnose, cure, prevent the occurrence of diseases and disorders, and prolong the life of clients with incurable conditions
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| Chemical Name | specific structure of the compound
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| Generic Name | official name, often derived from the chemical name
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| Brand Name | trade name assigned by the pharmaceutical company
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| Pharmacotherapeutics | the area of pharmacology that refers to the use of specific drugs to prevent, treat, or diagnose disease
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| Pharmacokinetics | the study of how the body deals with the drug in terms of the way it is…
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| A | Absorbed
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| D | Distributed
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| M | Metabolized
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| E | Eliminated
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| Pharmacodynamics | the analysis of what the drug does to the body, including the mechanism by which the drug exerts its effect
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| Toxicology | the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
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| Pharmacy | deals with the preparation and dispensing of medications
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| Side Effects | common and expected, but usually undesirable action of a medication
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| Adverse Reactions (ADRs) | unexpected, severe, and dangerous reactions which may occasionally occur with a medication
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| Dose | a quantity to be administered at one time
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| Dosage | the dose, frequency, and duration
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| Absorption | the transfer of a drug from its site of administration to the bloodstream
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| Topical route | directly applied to the skin, includes eye/ear drops
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| Enteral routes | oral (works in about 40 minutes), rectal, gastric feeding tube
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| Parenteral routes | Transmuccosal: buccal (cheek), sublingual, inhalation
Injection (intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal (directly to the CNS))
Transdermal (ex/ iontophoresis)
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| po | by mouth
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| IM | intramuscular injection
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| SC or SQ | subcutaneous injection
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| SL | sublingual
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| IV | intravenous
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| PR | per rectum
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| hs | at hour of sleep
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| ac | before meals
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| pc | after meals
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| q | every
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| qd | every day
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| bid | twice/day
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| tid | three times/day
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| qid | four times/day
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| qod | every other day
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| prn | as needed
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| Bioavailability | the extent to which the drug reaches the systemic circulation, depends on the route of administration and on the drug’s ability to cross membrane and tissue barriers
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| Distribution | the transport of a drug from the bloodstream to tissue sites where it will be effective, as well as to sites where the drug may be stored, metabolized, or eliminated from the body
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| Drug clearance | the rate at which the active drug is removed from the body
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| agonist | drug enhances cell activity
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| antagonist | drug inhibits cell activity
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| Polypharmacology | the excessive and unnecessary use of medications - more seen in elderly
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| Half-life | the time it takes for the amount or concentration of a drug to fall by 50% in the body (typically in the plasma)
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| Potency (effectiveness) | the dose of a drug that produces a given response in a specific amplitude
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| Ceiling Effect | (maximal efficacy) the point at which there is no further increase in the response of the drug
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| Threshold dosage | the level when therapeutic response 1st occurs
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| Median Effective Dose (ED50) | dose at which ½ of the population will respond in a specified manner
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| Median Toxic Dose (TD50) | dose at which ½ of the population will exhibit an adverse reaction
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| Therapeutic Index (TI=(TD50/ED50)) | a drug calculation which indicates drug safety. The higher the TI, the safer the drug, or the larger dose needed to evoke a toxic response than it does to cause a beneficial effect
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