exam prep
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| AB form | two-part form
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| ABA form | three-part form with repeated first section
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| absolute music | instrumental music having no intended association with a story, poem, idea, or scene
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| a cappella | choral music without instrumental accompaniment
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| accelerando | becoming faster
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| accent | emphasis of a note
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| adagio | slow
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| aerophone | any instrument whose sound is generated by a vibrating column of air
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| Alberti bass | broken or arpeggiated chord where the notes are sounded lowest to highest and pattern is repeated
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| aleatoric music | chance music
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| alto | female voice of a low range
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| antecedent phrase | first part of a period (question); followed by the consequent phrase (answer)
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| appoggiatura | a grace note performed before a note of the melody and falling on the beat.
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| aria | Song for solo voice found in operas, oratorios, cantatas
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| arpeggio | Broken chord
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| articulation | In music notation articulation marks include the slur, phrase mark, staccato, staccatissimo, accent, sforzando, rinforzando, and legato.
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| art song | Setting of a poem for voice and piano, common in Romantic period
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| atonality | Absence of tonality or key
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| augmentation | Variation of a fugue subject where time values are lengthened
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| baritone | Male voice lower than tenor, higher than bass
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| bass | Lowest male voice
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| basso continuo | Baroque accompaniment made up of bass part, usually keyboard and low string
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| bebop | Complex jazz style meant for listening instead of dancing
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| bitonality | Using two keys at one time
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| blue note |
Usually the flattened third and seventh
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| blues | Threè line stanza, using blues notes, and chord progression (1,1,1,1,4,4,1,1,5,4,1,1)
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| bridge | Transition
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| cadence | End of a phrase resting place (perfect authentic, imperfect authentic, half, plagal, deceptive)
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| cadenza | Unaccompanied section for virtuosic solo display near the end (usually in a concerto)
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| call and response | One voice answered by another, either repetition or question and answer
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| canon | A Round
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| cantata | Several movement piece, usually chorus, soloists, and orchestra
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| cantus firmus | Melody- usually gregorian chant, used as basis for polyphonic piece
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| chamber music | Music for small group of musicians
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| chance music | Aleatoric music, happening by chance
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| chorale | Hymn tune, four parts
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| chord | Combination of three or more pitches at once
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| chordophone | Instrument played by vibrating a string
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| chromatic scale | Scale including all 12 pitches, each only a half step away
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| Church modes | Scales using different whole and half step combinations
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| circle of fifths | a visual representation of the relationships among the 12 tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys
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| coda | concluding section
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| concerto | extended composition for instrumental soloist and orchestra, usually three movements (fast, slow, fast)
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| concerto grosso | composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra (late Baroque)
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| consequent phrase | second part of a period (answer); preceded by the antecendent phrase (question)
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| consonance | the combination of notes that are in harmony with each other due to the relationship between their frequencies.
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| countermelody | melodic idea that accompanies a main theme
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| counterpoint | technique of combining two or more melodic lines into a meaningful whole
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| countersubject | in a fugue, a melodic idea that accompanies the subject fairly constantly
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| crescendo | Increase in volume
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| da capo | From the beginning
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| decrescendo | Decrease in volume
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| development | Second section of sonata form in which the exposition theme is developed and moves through different keys
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| diminution | Variation of fugue subject where original time values are shortened
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| dissonance | The combination of notes that are not in harmony with each other
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| dominant chord | Triad built on fifth note of the scale - usually resolves to the tonic chord
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| downbeat | First or stressed beat of a measure
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| drone | Long sustained tone
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| dynamics | Degrees of loudness or softness
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| episode | Transitional section in a fugue between subjects, usually new material
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| etude | A study piece that helps musician study a particular technique
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| exoticism | Use of melodies, rhythms, or instruments that suggest foreign lands
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| exposition | First section of sonata form
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| expressionism | Musical style stressing intense emotion and dissonance (late romanticism)
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| fanfare | a short and lively sounding of trumpets. : a showy outward display.
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| fantasy | A free composition structured according to the composer's fancy.
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| fermata | Sign for to hold
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| figured bass | Bass part of Baraoque accompaniment with figures above it indicating chords
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| form | Organization of a piece
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| fortspinnung | a motif is developed into an entire musical structure by using sequences, intervallic changes or simple repetitions (found in Baroque music)
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| Free jazz | jazz style which departs from traditional jazz
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| french overture | common opening in Baroque suites, oratorios, and operas: first section is slow with dotted rhythms and second section is lighter and quicker
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| fugue | polyphonic composition based on one main theme or subject
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| fusion | jazz rock or other combination
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| gamelan | a traditional instrumental ensemble of Indonesia, typically including many bronze percussion instruments.
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| gavotte | a medium-paced French dance, popular in the 18th century.
a piece of music accompanying or in the rhythm of a gavotte, composed in common time beginning on the third beat of the bar.
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| glissando | rapid slide up or down a scale
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| harmonic rhythm | also known as harmonic tempo is the rate at which the chords change (or progress) in a musical composition, in relation to the rate of notes
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| hemiola | a musical figure in which, typically, two groups of three beats are replaced by three groups of two beats, giving the effect of a shift between triple and duple meter.
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| heterophony | type of texture characterized by the simultaneous variation of a single melodic line
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| homophony | one main melody accompanied by chords
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| idee fixe | single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea
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| idiophone | instrument played by hitting or shaking (no membrane)
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| imitation | presentation of a melodic idea by one voice/instrument that is followed by another voice/instrument
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| impressionism | musical style which stresses tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity (Debussy)
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| improvisation | creation of music on the spot
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| incidental music | music intended to be performed before and during a play, setting the mood for the drama
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| incomplete cadence | inconclusive resing point at the end of a phrase which sets up expectations for phrases to follow
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| interval | distance between two notes
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| inversion | variation fugue subject in which each note is reversed in direction; could also refer to notes in a chord not in root position
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| koto | Japanese string instrument
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| lied | German art song
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| leitmotif | short musical idea associated with a person, object (Darth Vader in Star Wars)
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| libretto | text of an opera
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| lute | plucked string instrument used in Renaissance and Baroque music
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| madrigal | composition for several voices to short secular poem (Renaissance)
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| mass | sacred choral composition made up of five sections generally (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei) Rossini!!!
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| melisma | one syllable of a word stretch out over many notes in succession
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| membranophone | instrument with a membrane (drum)
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| meter | organization of beats into groups
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| minimalism | steady pulse, clear tonality, insistent repetition of short melodic pattern- trancelike
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| minuet and trio | compositional form in three parts (minuet, trio, minuet) often third movement of symphony, in 3/4
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| modulation | shift from one key to another
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| monophony | single melodic line without accompaniment
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| motet | polyphonic choral work set to Latin text (Renaissance)
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| motive | fragment of a theme or short musical idea developed within a composition
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| movement | piece that sounds complete but is one part of a larger work
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| nationalism | inclusion of folk songs, dances, legends in a composition to associate with specific homeland
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| neoclassicism | musical style marked by emotional restraint, balance, clarity, inspired by 18th century music (mostly during 1920-1950)
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| nocturne | a night piece; usually a slow composition, lyrical, intimate, for piano
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| octave | interval between two tones an 8th apart
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| offbeat | not on the beat
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| opera | drama sung to orchestra accompaniment, featuring recitatives, arias, choruses
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| oratorio | large piece for chorus, soloists, orchestra; several movements, sacred in nature
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| organum | medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional lines; usually parallel in motion
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| ostinato | motive or phrase that is repeated persistently at the same pitch
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| overture | short orchestra composition opens an opera or musical theater show and sets the overall mood
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| parallel motion | melodic lines that move in the same direction at the same time
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| passacaglia | ground bass, chaconne; bass line that forms a complete musical idea that is repeated over and over again through the piece
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| pedal point | single tone held throughout a long section which other parts move independently over top
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| pentatonic scale | five note scale (do, re, mi, so, la) typical in Asian music (black notes of the piano)
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| period | grouping of two phrases that are question and answer
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| phrase | part of melody
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| Picardy third | in the last chord of a piece in minor, this third is raised to make the chord major
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| pick-up | one or more unstressed notes before the first bar line of a piece or passage (anacrusis is the fancy name for a pick-up)
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| pivot chord | moves from the original key to the destination key (usually a closely related key) by way of a chord both keys share. For example, G major and D major share 4 chords in common: G, Bm, D, Em.
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| pizzicato | means of playing stringed instrument where strings are plucked
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| polychord | combination of two chords sounded at the same time (e.g. Cmajor chord and A major chord) (20th century music)
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| polyphonic | two or more melodic lines happening at the same time
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| polyrhythm | use of two or more contrasting and independent rhythms at the same time (20th century, African, Indian, Indonesian)
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| polytonality | using two or more keys at the same time (20th century)
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| postlude | concluding section; end of an art song where the piano plays an extended part
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| prelude | short piece to introduce a fugue or other composition; short piece for piano
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| primitivism | evocation of primitive power through insistent rhythms and percussive sounds (Rite of Spring)
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| program music | instrumental music association with a story, poem, idea, or scene (Romantic period)
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| progression | series of chords
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| raga | pattern of notes serving as melodic framework for improvisation, in Indian classical music
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| ragtime | composed piano music, duple meter, march tempo, left hand plays oom-pah, right hand melody
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| recapitulation | third section of a sontata-form movement, like the exposition but in a new key
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| recitative | vocal line in an opera, oratorio, or cantata that imitates the rhythms and pitch fluctuations of speech; leads into an aria
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| resolution | progression from dissonance to consonance
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| retrograde | variation of a fugue subject in which the subject is presented by beginning with the last note and moving backwards to the first (reverses the order of pitches)
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| riff | in jazz, a short repeated phrase
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| ritardando | becoming slower
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| ritornello | Italian for refrain; a repeated section of music played by full orchestra alternating with other material (Baroque)
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| rondo | ABACADAEA...
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| rubato | slight holding back or pressing forward (borrowing or pushing time) (Romantic music)
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| scat singing | improvising a vocal solo line using non-sense syllables
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| scherzo | compositional form in three parts (ABA), sometimes third movement in symphony, triple meter, fast
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| sequence | in a melody, the immediate repetition of a pattern on a higher or lower pitch
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| serialism | method of composing that uses an ordered group of rhythm, dynamics, tone color, and pitch (20th century)
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| sitar | chordophone from North Indian; long-necked lute
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| sonata | in Baroque and Classical music, instrumental composition in several movements
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| sonata form | form of a single movement (exposition, development, recapitulation, coda)
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| song cycle | group of art songs connected in some way (Romantic music)
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| sprechstimme | German speech-voice, halfway between singing and speaking
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| staccato | short and disconnected
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| stretto | in fugues, subject is imitated before it is completed; one voice tries to catch the other
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| strophic | same music for each verse
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| subject | theme of a fugue
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| suite | Baroque music form, dance inspired movements in same key but differing in tempo, meter, and character
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| suspension | appoggiatura (usually 4-3 or fa-mi)
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| swing | jazz style from 1920s, played by big bands
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| syncopation | accenting of a note at an unexpected time; major characteristic of jazz
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| tabla | pair of drums used in Indian music, pitched on the do and the sol
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| tag | brief coda sometimes played at the end of a jazz piece
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| tempo | the speed of music
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| terraced dynamics | abrupt alternation between loud and soft dynamics (Baroque music)
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| text painting | the musical technique of writing music that reflects the literal meaning of a song. For example, ascending scales would accompany lyrics about going up; slow, dark music would accompany lyrics about death.
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| thematic transformation | alteration of the character of a theme by changes in dynamics, orchestration, rhythm (Romantic music)
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| theme | melody that serves as the starting point for an extended piece of music
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| theme and variations | form in which the theme is repeated over and over again but with variations in melody, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, tone color
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| through-composed | vocal form in which there is new music for each stanza of a poem
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| tie | an arc between two notes of the same pitch indicating that the second note should not be played but added to the first beat
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| timbre | tone color
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| tonality | key
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| tone cluster | chord made up of tones only a half or whole step apart
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| tone poem | symphonic poem; programmatic music in one movement (Romantic)
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| tonic chord | triad built on the first scale degree; main chord of the piece
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| tremolo | rapid repetition of a tone, produced by string instruments playing quick up and down strokes of the bow
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| triad | three note chord
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| trill | ornament consisting of rapid alternation of two tones a half or whole step apart
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| trio sonata | Baroque composition with three melodic lines- two high lines and a basso continuo (four players total- the three refers to the number of lines, not players)
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| tutti | all
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| twelve-tone | method of composing in which all pitches are used once in a pre-determined order, with no tonal center; developed by Schoenberg
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| unison | single melodic line performed by several musicians simultaneously
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| upbeat | unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat
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| virtuoso | performing artist of exceptional technical mastery
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| vivace | lively tempo
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| whole-tone scale | scale made up of six tones, all a whole step apart
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