Quiz 2
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| What is the goal of induction? | to safely intubate the patient
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| How many stages of anesthesia are there? | 4
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| Stage 1 | amnesia and analgesia
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| Stage 2 | Delirium and lack of inhibition ( excitement phase)
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| Stage 3 | Surgical anesthesia, characterized by progressive depression of respiration, circulation, reflexes, and muscle tone
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| How many planes is stage 3 broken up into? | 4
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| Stage 3 plane 1 | light surgical anesthesia
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| Stage 3 plane 2 | moderate surgical anesthesia
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| Stage 3 plane 3 | Deep surgical anesthesia
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| Stage 3 plane 4 | Very deep surgical anesthesia, Apnea
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| Stage 4 | Premortem, between apnea and circulatory collapse
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| At what stage of anesthesia would the patients eye be in a central position? | Stage 1-3 plane 1
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| At what stage of anesthesia would you see Nystagmus? | Stage 2-3 plane 1
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| At what stage of anesthesia would your patients eyes be rotated ventrally?? | Stage 3 plane 2-3
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| At what stage of anesthesia would your patients return to a central position from a ventrally rotated position? | Stage 3 plane 3-4, Stage 4
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| At what stage of anesthesia would you be able to intubate your patient? | Stage 3 plane 2
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| At what stage of anesthesia are most spays performed? | Stage 3 plane 3
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| At what stage of anesthesia are most neuters performed? | Stage 3 plane 2
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| When will your patient have a pupil response to light?? | Always unless too deep
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| When will the patients muscle tone be good? | stage 1-3 plane 1
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| When will the patients muscle tone be relaxed?? | Stage 3 planes 2-3
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| When will the patients muscle tone be unresponsive? | Stages 2-3 plane 4
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| What is the palpebral reflex? | blink upon touching the lateral or medial canthus
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| At what stage of anesthesia is the palpebral reflex lost? | stage 2-3 plane 1-2
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| What is the pedal reflex? | Withdrawal of the limb in response to vigorous squeezing and twisting or pinching of a digit or paw pad
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| At what stage of anesthesia is the pedal reflex lost?? | Stage 3 plane 1-3
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| What is the corneal reflex? | a retraction of the eyeball within the orbit and/ or a blink response to stimulation of the cornea
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| What is the Auricular reflex? | flick of the ear in response to stimulation of the ear
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| What is the laryngeal reflex? | an immediate closure of the epiglottis and vocal cords when the larynx is touched by any object
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| What stage of anesthesia is the laryngeal response lost? | usually lost at stage 3, may still be seen during intubation,
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| What species is the laryngeal reflex stronger in/ | cats, pigs, and small ruminants
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| What is the pharyngeal/ swallowing reflex? | response to food or saliva in the pharynx
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| What stage of anesthesia is the pharyngeal reflex lost? | Stage 3 plane 1-3
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| Does ketamine provide analgesia?? | yes
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| What are the side effects of ketamine?/ | pain after injection, lowers the seizure threshold, increased salivation, respiratory depression, emesis, vocalization, spastic jerking movements, seizures/muscle tremors, cardiac arrest
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| What is the reversal agent for ketamine | none
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| What type of drug is diazepam? | Benzodiazepine
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| What is the reversal agent for diazepam? | Flumazenil
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| What type of drug is ketamine? | Dissociative
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| What are the effects of diazepam? | anti-anxiety/calming, anti-convulsant, skeletal muscle relaxation,
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| Does diazepam provide analgesia? | NO
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| What are the contraindication for diazepam?? | inject IV slowly, use with caution in animals with hepatic or renal disease/geriatrics/coma/shock/debilitated
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| What type of drug is thiopental? | Barbiturate
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| What type of barbiturate is thiopental? | ultra short acting barbiturate
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| What is Telazol? | Tiletamine and zolazopam
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| What type of drug is propofol? | Short acting hypnotic
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| Does propofol provide any analgesia? | no
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| What are the adverse effects of propofol? | significant respiratory depression (especially if given too fast IV), Can cause apnea, may cause histamine release, Hypotension, seizure like signs (paddling, Opisthotonos, myoclonic twitching during induction
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| What does ophisthotonus mean? | throw the head back, front legs become rigid
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| What is the reversal agent for propofol? | NONE
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| What are the advantages of intubation? | creates a patent airway, allowing efficient delivery of oxygen anesthetic gas, and medications, helps prevent waste gas exposure, prevents aspiration of blood, saliva, vomit, allows control over ventilations, reduces dead space
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| What are the disadvantages of intubation/?? | stimulates vagus nerves ( leads to bradycardia), intubation of esophagus, laryngospasms, risk of bronchi insertion, over inflation of cuff causing pressure necrosis or tearing/ sub-Q emphysema, Hypothermia
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| What is the normal respiratory rate of an anesthetized dog? | 8-20 bpm
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| What is the normal heart rate for an anesthetized dog??? | 60-150bpm
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| What is the normal mucous membrane color for an anesthetized dog? | Normally pink but varies from patient to patient
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| What is the normal CRT for an anesthetized dog? | <1 sec
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| What color is an oxygen tank? | green
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| What color is a nitrous oxide tank??? | blue
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| What is the color of a nitrogen tank? | Black
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| What color is a carbon dioxide tank? | Grey
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| What are the 2 sizes tanks come in?? | Size H and size E
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| What is the difference between an H tank and an E tank? | An H tank is large and usually attached to a central system, E tanks are smaller and affixed to the machine
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| What is the Psi of a full tank? | 2200
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| What is the psi at the regulator? | 50 psi
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| What is the psi at the flow meter? | 15 psi
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| What is the criteria for use of a non-rebreather system? | less than 7kg or 15 lbs.
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| How is tidal volume calculated? | 10ml/kg
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| How do you calculate the size of your reservoir bag you need to use? | tidal volume multiplied by 5 or 6
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| What is the biggest difference between a precision and non-precision vaporizer? | The ability to know how much anesthetic gas the patient is receiving
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| How can you prevent atelectasis? | sighing or "bagging" your patient every 5 mins while under anesthesia
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| What is atelectasis? | collapsed alveoli
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| What is the goal of asepsis?? | To keep as much bacteria out of and away from the patients surgical incision, in order to avoid contaminating or infecting the otherwise healthy (hopefully) animal
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| define sterile | free from all bacteria or other living microorganisms; totally clean
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| Aseptic | free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms
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| What is the difference between sterile and aseptic?? | Only inanimate objects can be sterilized (either by way of steam, chemical, etc...) Aseptic is the closest a living thing can become to sterile by means of scrubbing with a bactericide/virucidal agents, properly donning sterile gown and gloves
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| When "scrubbing in" What is the standard length of time and procedure? | scrub from hand to hand (starting on one side of the hand working your way over, remove any debris from under the nails), then arm to arm, drying the same,
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| What is the difference between the duties of a sterile scrub nurse and a non-sterile tech? | "scrub tech" implies that you are surgically scrubbed and in sterile gown and gloves, a scrub tech can then assist the surgeon in any way needed including touching any part of the sterile field. A non-sterile tech must never invade the sterile field
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| What are the different types of needles used for suturing? | tapered and cutting
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| What are taper needles used for??? | internal/visceral suture such as bowl, bladder, etc.. delicate tissue
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| What are cutting needles used for?? | external sutures
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| What type of needle leaves a pyramid shaped hole?? | cutting
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| What type of needle leaves and upside down pyramid shaped hole? | reverse cutting
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| What type of needle leave a circular/round hole? | taper
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| How is suture material characterized? | tensile strength, memory, flexibility, absorbability, structure, knot security, origin of material, sizing, color, packaging
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| What is monofilament suture? | suture made up of 1 single fiber
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| What is multifilament suture? | Suture made up of multiple fibers braided together to make one line of suture material
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| What is the brand name for nylon? | Ethilon, Dermalon
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| Is nylon absorbable? | NO
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| What is the brand name for polyester? | Ethibond
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| is polyester absorbable? | NO
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| What is the brand name for Polyglactin 910? | Vicryl
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| Is Vicryl absorbable? | yes 50-70 days
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| What is the brand name for polyglycolic acid? | Dexon
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| is Dexon absorbable? | YES 120 days
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| What is the brand name for polypropylene? | Surgilene, Prolene
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| Is Surgilene, Prolene absorbable? | NO
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| What is the brand name for polidioxanone? | PDS
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| Is PDS absorbable? | Yes, 180 days
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| What is the brand name for silk? | Silk
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| Is silk absorbable? | NO
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| What is the brand name for chromic gut? | Chromic gut
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| Is chromic gut absorbable? | YES 60 days
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| in regards to suture what does chromic mean? | treated with acid salts to delay absorption time
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| In regards to suture what does capillary mean? | The ability of the suture to draw in liquid
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| In regards to suture, what is memory? | The ability of the suture to retain the shape it was in the package
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| when talking able suture sizes, the larger the number the ________ the suture is. | smaller
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| When talking about suture needles, the lower the number the ________ the needle is? | larger
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| What are the 2 types of suture patterns? | continuous and interrupted
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| What are the advantages of interrupted patterns? | if 1 suture breaks the rest are still secure, minimizes the travel of bacteria,
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| What are the disadvantages of interrupted? | more operator time, more suture material used, more knots
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| What are the advantages of continuous suture patterns? | minimal use of suture material and knots, less operator time, strong
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| What are the disadvantages of continuous suture? | If the line breaks the whole suture is broken, bacteria can travel up the entire length of the suture,
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| Name 2 continuous patterns | simple continuous, ford interlocking blanket stitch
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| Name 4 interrupted suture patterns | simple interrupted, vertical mattress, horizontal mattress, cross mattress/ cruciate
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| What are the complications of suturing?? | Dehiscence,(may be due to tension) infection, suture reaction
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| What color is an isoflurane gas cylinder? | purple
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| What color is a sevoflurane gas cylinder? | yellow
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| What color is a desflurane gas cylinder? | blue
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| When should you change the Co2 granules?? | When they become come crumbly, they may or may not retain a purple color
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| When should oxygen tanks be changed?? | 100-200 Psi
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| What is the optimal flow rate for a patient less than 7kg ? | 30 mL/kg/min
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| What is the optimal flow rate for a patient more than 7kg? | 200mL/kg/min never less than 1L
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| How is active scavenging different than passive scavenging? | active uses suction from a vacuum pump to draw gas into the scavenger. Passive discharges waste gasses to the outside through a hole in the canister
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| What are the disadvantages of active scavenging systems? | more expensive, more maintenance involved, must remember to turn it on!!!
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| Hypercapnia | excessive carbon dioxide int eh blood stream often caused by inadequate respiration
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| What are the risks associated with under inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff | patient may be too light, or even wake despite high anesthetic gas levels, anesthetic gas may be expelled into the room,
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| What are the three parts of induction/ | preparation of the patient, preparation of supplies, restrain the patient and administer the anesthetic agent ( begin monitoring immediately)
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