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Fundamental Accounting Definitions 1 of 2

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Answer
Accelerated Depreciation Method   show
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show Record within an accounting system in which increases and decreases are entered stored in a specific asset, liability, equity, revenue, or expense  
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show Difference between total debits and total credits (including the beginning balance) for an account  
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Account Form Balance Sheet   show
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show Liability created by buying goods or services on credit; backed by the buyer's general credit standing  
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show Information and measurement system that identifies, records, and communications relevant information about a company's business activities  
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show Recurring steps performed each accounting period, starting with analyzing transactions and continuing through the post-closing trial balance (or reversing entries)  
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show Equality involving a company's assets, liabilities, and equity; Assets = Liabilities + Equity; also called balance sheet equation  
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Accounting Information System   show
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show Length of time covered by financial statements also called reporting period  
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Accounts Payable Ledger   show
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Accounts Receivable   show
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show Subsidiary ledger listing individual customer accounts  
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Accounts Receivable Turnover   show
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Accrual Basis Accounting   show
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show Costs incurred in a period that are both unpaid and unrecorded; adjusting entries for recording accrued expenses involve increasing expenses and increasing liabilities  
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show Revenues earned in a period that are both unrecorded and not yet received in cash (or other assets); adjusting entries for recording accrued revenues involve increasing assets and increasing revenues  
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show Cumulative sum of all depreciation expenses recorded for an asset  
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show Ration used to access a company's ability to settle its current debts with its most liquid assets; defined as a quick assets (cash, short-term investments, and current receivables) divided by current liabilities  
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Adjusted Trial Balance   show
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Adjusting Entry   show
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Aging of Accounts Receivable   show
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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts   show
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Allowance Method   show
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show Process of allocating the cost of an intangible asset to expense over its estimated useful life  
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show Financial statements covering a one-year period; often based on a calendar year, but any consecutive 12-month (or 52-week) period is acceptable  
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Annual Report   show
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Annuity   show
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Assets   show
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Audit   show
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show Accounts of customers who do not pay what they have promised to pay; an expense of selling on credit; also called uncollectible accounts  
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Balance Column Account   show
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show Financial statement that lists types and dollar amounts of assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific date  
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show Report that explains the difference between the book (company) balance of cash and the cash balance reported on the bank statement  
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show Bank report on the depositor's beginning and ending cash balances, and a listing of its changes, for a period  
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show Accumulating source documents for a period of time and then processing them all at once such as once a day, week, or month  
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show Expenditures to make a plant asset more efficient or productive; also called improvements  
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Book Value   show
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Business   show
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show Principle that requires a business to be accounted for separately from its owner(s) and from any other entity  
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C Corporation   show
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Canceled Checks   show
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Capital Expenditures   show
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show Record the cost as part of a permanent account and allocate it over later periods  
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show Includes currency, coins, and amounts on deposit in bank checking or savings accounts  
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Cash Basis Accounting   show
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show Special journal normally used to record all payments of cash; also called cash payments journal  
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show Reduction in the price of merchandise granted by a seller to a buyer when payment is made within the discount period  
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show Short-term, investment assets that are readily convertible to a known cash amount or sufficiently close to their maturity date (usually within 90 days) so that market value is not sensitive to interest rate changes  
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Cash Over and Short   show
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show Special journal normally used to record all receipts of cash  
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show Change in an accounting estimate that results from new information, subsequent developments, or improved judgment that impacts current and future periods  
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show List of accounts used by a company; includes an identification number for each account  
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Check   show
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show Another name for a cash disbursements journal when the journal has a column for check numbers  
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show Balance sheet that presents assets and liabilities in relevant subgroups, including current and noncurrent classifications  
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Closing Entries   show
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Closing Process   show
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Columnar Journal   show
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show Corporation's basic ownership share; also generically called capital stock  
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Compatibility Principle   show
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show Key elements of an accounting information systems that include source documents, input devices, information processors, information storage, and output devices  
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Compound Journal Entry   show
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show Physical equipment in a computerized accounting information system  
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Computer Network   show
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Computer Software   show
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show Principle that prescribes the less optimistic estimate when two estimates are about equally likely  
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Consignee   show
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Consignor   show
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Consistency Principle   show
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Contingent Liability   show
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show Account linked with another account and having an opposite normal balance; reported as a subtraction from the other account's balance  
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show Information system principle that prescribes an accounting system to aid managers in controlling and monitoring business activities  
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Controlling Account   show
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show Right giving the owner the exclusive privilege to publish and sell musical, literary, or artistic work during the creator's life plus 70 years  
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Corporation   show
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Cost   show
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show Consists of beginning inventory plus net purchases of a period  
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Cost of Goods Sold   show
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Cost of Principle   show
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show Information system principle that prescribes the benefits from an activity in an accounting system outweigh the costs of that activity  
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Credit   show
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show Notification that the sender has credited the recipient's account in the sender's records  
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show Time period that can pass before a customer's payment is due  
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Credit Terms   show
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Creditors   show
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show Cash and other assets expected to be sold, collected, or used within one year of the company's operating cycle, whichever is longer  
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Current Liabilities   show
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show Portion of long-term debt due within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer; reported under current liabilities  
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show Ratio used to evaluate a company's ability to pay its short-term obligations, calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities  
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Date of Declaration   show
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show Date the corporation makes the dividend payment  
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show Estimate of number of days needed to convert inventory into receivables or cash; equals ending inventory divided by cost of goods sold and then multiplied by 365; also called days' stock on hand  
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show Measure of the liquidity of receivables computed by dividing the current balance of receivables by the annual credit (or net) sales and then multiplying by 365; also called days' sales in receivables  
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Debit   show
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Debit Memorandum   show
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show Ratio of total liabilities to total assets; used to reflect risk associated with a company's debts  
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show Individuals or organizations that owe money  
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Declining-Balance Method   show
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Deferred Income Tax Liability   show
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Depletion   show
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show Deposits recorded by the company but not yet recorded by its bank  
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show Lists items such as currency, coins, and checks deposited an their corresponding dollar amounts  
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Depreciable cost   show
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Depreciation   show
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show Method that records the loss from an uncollectible account receivable at the time it is determined to be uncollectible; no attempt is made to estimate bad debts  
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Discount Lost   show
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show Difference between face value of note payable and the (lesser) amount borrowed; reflects the added interest to be paid on the note over its life  
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show Time period in which a cash discount is available and the buyer can make a reduced payment  
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Discount Rate   show
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show Corporate income is taxed and then its later distribution through dividends is normally taxed again for shareholders  
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show Depreciation equals beginning book value multiplied by 2 times the straight-line rate  
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show Accounting system in which each transaction affects at least two accounts and has at least one debit and credit  
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Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT)   show
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show Additional compensation paid to or on behalf of employees, such as premiums for medical, dental, life, and disability insurance, and contributions to pension plans  
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show Record of all employee's net pay, gross pay, deductions, and year-to-date payroll information  
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Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software   show
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Entity   show
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EOM   show
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show Owner's claim on the assets of a business; equals the residual interest in an entity's asset after deducting liabilities; also called net assets  
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Estimated Liability   show
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Ethics   show
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show Happenings that both affect an organization's financial position and can be reliably measured  
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Expanded Accounting Equation   show
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Expenses   show
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show Exchanges of economic value between one entity and another entity  
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External Users   show
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show Major repairs that extend the useful life of a plant asset beyond prior expectations; treated as a capital expenditure  
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Federal Depository Bank   show
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Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) Taxes   show
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show Payroll taxes on employers assessed by the federal government to support its unemployment insurance programs  
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Financial Accounting   show
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Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)   show
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Financial Statements   show
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show Method to assign cost to inventory that assumes items are sold in the order acquired; earliest items purchased are the first sold  
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show Consecutive 12-month (or 52-week) period closed as the organization's annual accounting period  
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Flexibility Principle   show
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Form 10-K (or 10-KSB)   show
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show IRS form used to report an employer's federal unemployment taxes (FUTA) on an annual filing basis  
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show IRS form used to report FICA taxes owed and remitted  
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Form W-2   show
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Form W-4   show
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show privileges granted by a company or government to sell a product or service under specified conditions  
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show Principle that prescribed financial statements (including notes) to report all relevant information about an entity's operations and financial condition  
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General and Administrative Expenses   show
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General Journal   show
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General Partner   show
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show Partnership in which all partners have mutual agency and unlimited liability for partnership debts  
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)   show
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Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS)   show
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Going-Concern Principle   show
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show Amount by which a company's (or a segment's) value exceeds the value of its individual assets less its liabilities  
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show Gross margin (net sales minus cost of goods sold) divided by net sales; also called gross profit ratio  
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show Method of recording purchases at the full price without deducting any cash discounts  
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show Total compensation earned by an employee  
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show Net sales minus cost of goods sold; also called gross margin  
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show Procedure to estimate inventory when the past gross profit ratio is used to estimate cost of goods sold, which is then subtracted from the cost of goods available for sale  
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show Diminishment of an asset value  
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show Method to account for petty cash maintains a constant balance in the fund, which equals cash plus petty cash receipts  
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show Condition in which the capacity of plant assets is too small to meet the company's production demands  
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show Financial statement that subtracts expenses from revenues to yield a net income or loss over a specified period of time; also indicates any gains or losses  
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show Temporary account used only in the closing process to which the balances of revenue and expense accounts (including any gains or losses) are transferred; its balance is transferred to the capital account (or retained earnings for a corporation)  
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Indefinite Useful Life   show
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show Component of an accounting system that interprets, transform, and summarizes information for use in analysis and reporting  
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show Component of an accounting system that keeps data in a form accessible to information processors  
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show Means of capturing information from source documents that enables its transfer to information processors  
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Intangible Assets   show
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show Charge for sing money (or other assets) loaned for one entity to another  
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Interim Financial Statements   show
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Internal Controls or Internal Control System   show
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Internal Transactions   show
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Internal Users   show
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show Group that identifies preferred accounting practices and encourages global acceptance; issues International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)  
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show Goods a company owns and expects to sell in its normal operations  
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show Number of times a company's average inventory is sold during a period; computed by dividing cost of goods sold by average inventory; also called merchandise turnover  
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show Itemized record of gods prepared by the vendor that lists the customer's name, items sold, sales price, and terms of sale  
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Invoice Approval   show
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Journal   show
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show Process of recording transactions in a journal  
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show Obligations of a company with little uncertainty; set by agreements, contracts, or laws also called definitely determinable liabilities  
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Land Improvements   show
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show Method to assign cost to inventory that assumes costs for the most recent items purchased are sold first and charged to cost of goods sold  
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show Contract specifying the rental of property  
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Leasehold   show
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Leasehold Improvements   show
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Ledger   show
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Lessee   show
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show Party to a lease who grants another party (the lessee) the right to possess and use its property  
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show Creditor's claims on an organization's assets; involves a probable future payment of assets, products, or services that a company is obligated to make due to past transactions or events  
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show Owner can lose no more than the amount invested  
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show Organization form that combines select features of a corporation and a limited partnership; provides limited liability to its members (owners), is free of business tax, and allows members to actively participate in management  
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Limited Liability Partnership   show
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show Partners who have no personal liability for partnership debts beyond the amounts they invested in the partnership  
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show Partnership that has two classes of partners, limited partners and general partners  
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show Resources suck as cash that are easily converted into other assets or used to pay for goods, services, or liabilities  
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Liquidity   show
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show Catalog (full) price of an item before any trade discount is deducted  
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Long-term Investments   show
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show Obligations not due to be paid within one year or the operating cycle, whichever is longer  
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show Required method to report inventory at market replacement cost when that market cost is lower than recorded cost  
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Maker of the Note   show
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Managerial Accounting   show
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Manufacturer   show
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show Prescribes expenses to be reported in the same period as the revenues that were earned as a result of the expenses  
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show Prescribes that accounting for items that significantly impact financial statement and any inferences from them adhere strictly to GAAP  
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show Date when a note's principle and interest are due  
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show Goods that a company owns and expects to sell to customers; also called merchandise or inventory  
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show Entity that earns net income by buying and selling merchandise  
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Merit Rating   show
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show Depreciation system required by federal income tax law  
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show Principle that assumes transactions and events can be expressed in money units  
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show Income statement format that shows subtotals between sales and net income, categorizes expenses, and often reports the details of net sales and expenses  
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show Legal relationship among partners whereby each partner is an agent of the partnership and is able to bind the partnership to contracts within the scope of the partnership's business  
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Natural Business Year   show
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show Assets physically consumed when used; examples are timber, mineral deposits, and oil and gas fields; also called wasting assets  
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Net Income   show
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Net Loss   show
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Net Method   show
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show Gross pay less all deductions; also called take-home pay  
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Net Realizable Value   show
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show Note with no stated (contract) rate of interest; interest is implicitly included in the note's face value  
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Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Check   show
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Note Payable   show
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Note Receivable   show
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Objectivity Principle   show
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show Condition in which, because of new inventions and improvements, a plant asset can no longer be used to produce goods or services with a competitive advantage  
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show Approach to inputting data from source documents as soon as the information is available  
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Operating Cycle   show
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show Repairs to keep a plant asset in normal. Good operating condition; treated as a revenue expenditure and immediately expensed  
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show Means by which information is taken out of the accounting system and made available for use  
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Outstanding Checks   show
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Owner, Capital   show
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show Assets put into the business by the owner  
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Partner Return on Equity   show
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show Unincorporated association of two or more persons to pursue a business for profit as co-owners  
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show Agreement among partners that sets terms under which the affairs of the partnership are conducted; also called articles of partnership  
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Partnership Liquidation   show
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Patent   show
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Payee of the Note   show
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Payroll Bank Account   show
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Payroll Deductions   show
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show Record for a pay period that shows the pay period dates, regular and overtime hors worked, gross pay, net pay, and deductions  
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show Method that records the cost of inventory purchased but does not continuously track quantity available or sold to customers; records are updated at the end of each period to reflect the physical count and cost of goods available  
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Permanent Accounts   show
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Perpetual Inventory System   show
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Petty Cash   show
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Plant Assets   show
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show List of permanent accounts and their balances from the ledger after all closing entries are journalized and posted  
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Posting   show
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Posting Reference (PR) Column   show
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show Statements that show the effects of proposed transactions and events as if they had occurred  
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Prepaid Expenses   show
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show Amount that the signer of a note agrees to pay back when it matures, not including interest  
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show Principles prescribing management to establish responsibility, maintain records, insure assets, separate recordkeeping from custody assets, divide responsibility for related transactions, apply technological controls, and perform reviews  
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show Ratio of a company's net income to its net sales; the percent of income in each dollar of revenue; also called Net Profit Margin  
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show Written promise to pay a specified amount either on demand or at a definite future date; is a note receivable for the lender but a note payable for the lendee  
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show Term used by a purchaser to describe a cash discount granted to the purchaser for paying within the discount period  
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show Document used by the purchasing department to place an order with a seller (vendor)  
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Purchase Requisition   show
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Purchases Journal   show
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Realizable Value   show
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show Form used to report that ordered goods are received and to describe their quantity and condition  
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show Part of accounting that involves recording transactions and events, either manually or electronically; also called bookkeeping  
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Relevance Principle   show
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Report Form Balance Sheet   show
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show Method to estimate ending inventory based on the ratio of the amount of goods for sale at cost to the amount of goods for sale at retail  
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Retailer   show
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show Monies received from an investment often in percent form  
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Revenue Expenditures   show
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Revenue Recognition Principle   show
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show Gross increase in equity from a company's business activities that earn income; also called sales  
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show Optional entries recorded at the beginning of a period that prepare the accounts for the usual journal entries as if adjusting entries had not occurred in the prior period  
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Risk   show
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show Corporation that meets special tax qualifications so as to be treated like a partnership for income tax purposes  
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show Term used by a seller to describe a cash discount granted to buyers who pay within the discount period  
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show Journal normally used to record sales of goods on credit  
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show Estimate of amount to be recovered at the end of an asset's useful life; also called residual value or scrap value  
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Schedule of Accounts Payable   show
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show List of the balances for all accounts in the accounts receivable ledger and their total  
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show Federal agency Congress has charged to set reporting rules for organizations that sell ownership shares to the public  
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show Segment operating income dividend by segment average (identifiable) assets for the period  
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Selling Expenses   show
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Service Company   show
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show Owners of a corporation; also called stockholders  
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show Equity of a corporation divided into ownership units; also called stock  
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show Current obligation in the form of a written promissory note  
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show Inventory losses that occur as a result of theft or deterioration  
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show Includes the signatures of each person authorized to sign checks on the bank account  
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show Income statement format that includes cost of goods sold as an expense and shows only one subtotal for total expenses  
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Social Responsibility   show
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show Business owned by one person that is not organized as a corporation; also called proprietorship  
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show Source of information for accounting entries that can be in either paper or electronic form; also called business papers  
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show Any journal used for recording and posting transactions of a similar type  
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show Method to assign cost to inventory when the purchase cost of each item in inventory is identified and used to compute cost of inventory  
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show Computer program that organizes data by means of formulas and format; also called electronic work sheet  
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show State payroll taxes on employers to support its unemployment programs  
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show A financial statement that lists cash inflows (receipts) and cash outflows (payments) during a period; arranged and operating, investing, and financing  
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show FASB publications that establish U.S. GAAP  
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show Report of changes in equity over a period; adjusted for increases (owner investment and net income) and for decreases (withdrawals and net loss)  
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Straight-Line Depreciation   show
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show List of individual sub-accounts and amounts with a common characteristic; linked to a controlling account in the general ledger  
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Supplementary Records   show
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T-Account   show
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Temporary Accounts   show
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Time Interest Earned   show
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show Assumption that an organization's activities can be divided into specific time periods such as months, quarters, or years  
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show Measure of a company's ability to use its assets to generate sales; computed by dividing net sales by average total assets  
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show Reduction from a list or catalog price that can vary for wholesalers, retailers, and consumers  
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show Symbol, name, phrase, or jingle identified with a company, product, or service  
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Transaction   show
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show List of accounts and their balances at a point in time; total debit balances equal total credit balances  
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Unadjusted Trial Balance   show
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Unclassified Balance Sheet   show
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show Liability created when customers pay in advance for products or services; earned when the products or services are later delivered  
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Unites-of-Production Depreciation   show
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show legal relationship among general partners that makes each of them responsible for partnership debt if the other partners are unable to pay their shares  
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show Length of time an asset will be productively used in the operations of a business; also called service life  
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show Buyer of goods or services  
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show Seller of goods or services  
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Voucher   show
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show Journal (referred to as a book of original entry) in which all vouchers are recorded after they have been approved  
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show Procedures and approvals designed to control cash disbursements and acceptance of obligations  
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Wage Bracket Withholding Table   show
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show Agreement that obligates the seller to correct or replace a product or service when it fails to perform properly within a specified period  
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Weighted Average   show
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Wholesaler   show
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show Payments of cash or other assets from a proprietorship or partnership to its owner or owners  
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show Spreadsheet used to draft an unadjusted trial balance, adjusting entries, adjusted trial balance, and financial statements  
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Working Papers   show
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