biology-biomes
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| ecology | the study of how living things interact with eachother and with their environment
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| what are all organism's basic needs? | energy and matter
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| abiotic factors | the nonliving aspects of the environment
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| biotic factors | the living aspects of the environment
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| ecosystem | a unit of nature, consists of all the biotic and abiotic factors in a area and their interactions
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| are ecosystems closed? | no
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| is energy recycled? | no, it is constantly being inputed
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| is matter recycled? | yes, it is not constantly added to ecosystems
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| niche | refers to the role of a species in its ecosystem, includes all of the ways that the species interacts with the biotic and abiotic factors
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| what are two important aspects of a species niche? | the food it eats and how the food is obtained
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| habitat | the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it is adapted
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| how are a habitat's features determined? | by abiotic factors such as temp. and rainfall
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| competitive exclusion principle | -a give habitat may contain many species, but each species must have a different niche
-two different species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place for very long
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| if two species were to occupy the same niche, what do you think would happen? | -they would compete with one another for the same food and other resources in the environment
-eventually, one species would likely outcompete and replace the other
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| how does energy enter an ecosystem? | in the form of sunlight or chemical compounds
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| producers | -organisms that produce food for themselves and other organisms
-use energy and simple inorganic molecules to make organic compounds
-stability is vital to ecosystems because all organisms need organic molecules
-autotrophs
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| photoautotroph | use energy from sunlight to make food by photosynthesis
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| chemoautotroph | use energy from chemical compounds to make food by chemosynthesis
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| consumers | -organisms that depend on other organisms for food
-take in organic molecules by essentially "eating" other living things
-include animals and fungi
-heterotrophs
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| herbivores | -consume producers such as plants or algae
-necessary link between producers and other consumers
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| carnivores | -consume animals
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| obligate carnivores | carnivores that are unable to digest plants and must eat only animals
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| omnivores | consume both plants and animals
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| decomposers | -break down the remains and other wastes and release simple inorganic molecules back to the environment
-producers then use the molecules to make new organic compounds
-stability of decomposers is essential to every ecosystem
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| scavengers | consume the soft tissues of dead animals
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| detritivores | consume detritus-the dead leaves, animal feces, and other organic debris that collects on the soil of at the bottom of a body of water
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| saprotrophs | -final step in decomposition
-feed on any remaining organic matter that if left after other decomposers do their work
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| food chain | represents a single pathway through which energy and matter flow through ecosystem
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| food web | represents multiple pathways through which energy and matter flow through an ecosystem
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| trophic levels | the feeding positions in a food chain or web
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| whats the 1st level? | producer
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| whats the 2nd level? | primary consumer
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| whats the 3rd level? | secondary consumer
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| whats the 4th level? | tertiary consumer
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| what happens to the 90% of energy that's used? | its used for metabolic processes or given off to the environment as heat
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| biomass | the mass of organisms at a trophic level
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| biogeochemical cycles | -chemical elements and water that are needed by organism continuously recycle
-they pass through biotic and abiotic components
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| exchange pool | -part of a cycle that holds an element or water for a short period of time
-ex. atmosphere
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| reservoir | -part of a cycle that holds an element or water for a long period of time
-ex. ocean
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| the water cycle takes place... | on, above, and below the Earth's surface
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| what are the 3 stages in which water occurs? | 1. gas (water vapor)
2. liquid (water)
3. solid (ice)
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| evaporation | -occurs when water on the surface changes to water vapor
-the sun heats the water and gives water molecules enough energy to escape into the atmosphere
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| sublimation | -occurs when ice and snow change directly to water vapor
-also happens because of heat from the sun
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| transpiration | -occurs when plants release water vapor through leaf pores called stomata
-the water is a product of photosynthesis
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| condensation | -the process in which water vapor changes to tiny droplets of liquid water
-the droplets may form clouds
-if the droplets get big enough, they fall as precipitation
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| precipitation | -rain, snow, sleet, hail, or freezing rain
-most falls into the ocean
-eventually, this water evaporates again and repeats the water cycle
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| runoff | -precipitation that falls on land may flow over the surface of the ground
-may eventually flow into a body of water
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| groundwater | -some precipitation that falls on land may soak into the ground
-may seep out of the ground at a spring or into a body of water like the ocean
-may be taken up by plant roots
-may flow deeper underground into a aquifer
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| aquifer | an underground layer of rock that stores water
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| where does most of the carbon that dissolves from sedimentary rock end up? | the ocean
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| _____ and _____ are major reservoirs of stored carbon | sedimentary rock and the ocean
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| does carbon cycle quickly? | yes
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| when is carbon released into the atmosphere? | -cellular respiration
-when organisms decompose
-human actions, such as the burning of fossil fuels
-natural processes, such as volcanic eruptions
-warm ocean waters
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| when is carbon removed from the atmosphere? | -photosynthesis (autotrophs) removes carbon dioxide and uses it to make organic compounds
-runoff, rivers and streams dissolve carbon in rocks and carry it to the ocean
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| carbon cycles far more slowly through geological processes such as ______ | sedimentation
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| nitrogen makes up _____% of Earth's atmosphere | 78
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| nitrogen is found in... | proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll
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| nitrogen cycle | moves nitrogen through the abiotic and biotic parts of ecosystems
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| nitrogen fixation | -plants cannot use nitrogen gas from the air to make organic compounds for themselves and other organisms
-the nitrogen gas must be changed to a form called nitrates, which plants can absorb through their roots
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| nitrogen fixation is carried out by... | nitrogen-fixing bacteria
-lives in soil and roots of legume
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| why is water important to our bodies? | every chemical reaction takes place in water
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| why do plants take in carbon dioxide during photosynthesis | to make useable carbon-->glucose
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| why is carbon important to your body? | cellular respiration
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| how does carbon move between living organisms? | respiration, photosynthesis, fossil fuels
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| why is the carbon cycle backlogged with excess carbon in the atmosphere? | because carbon stops the sun's rays from going back out to space
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| what type of organism is needed to modify nitrogen into a usable form? | bacteria
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| why is nitrogen important to your body? | proteins
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| how do animals obtain nitrogen? | they eat plants
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| there is very little phosphorous in the _____ | atmosphere
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| why is phosphorous important to your body? | phospholipids, ATP, DNA
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| how do animals obtain phosphorous? | eating
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| how is phosphorous released into the water and soil? | fertilizers, waste, weathering of rocks
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