Veterinary Medical Terminology
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| Musculoskeletal System | two systems that work together to support the body and allow movement
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| Ossification | the formation of bones from fibrous tissue
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| Osteoblasts | immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
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| Osteoclasts | phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone
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| Oste/o-, Oss/e-, Oss/i- | bone
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| -blasts | immature
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| -clasts | break
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| Osteocytes | mature Osteoblasts
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| Hematopoietic | Red bone marrow located in cancellous bone (producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells)
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| Hemat/o- | blood
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| -poietic | pertaining to formation
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| Medullary Cavity | the inner space of bone (containing yellow bone marrow)
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| Cartilage | another form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
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| Epi- | above
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| Physis (Growth Plate or Epiphyseal Cartilage) | Growth, cartilage segment of long bone that involved growth of the bone
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| Dia- | between
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| Peri- | surrounding
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| Oste/o- | bone
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| -um | structure
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| Endo- | within, or inner
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| Meta- | beyond
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| Cortical Bone (Compact Bone) | hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone
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| Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone) | lighter, lass strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones
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| Cortex | bark or shell (Latin)
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| Cancellous | latticework (Latin)
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| Epiphysis | wide end of long bone, covered in articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone
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| Proximal Epiphysis | located nearest the midline
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| Distal Epiphysis | located farthest from the midline
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| Diaphysis | shaft of long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
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| Metaphysis | wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis
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| Periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
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| Endosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
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| Long Bones | bones consisting of a shaft, 2 ends, and a marrow cavity (Femur)
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| Short Bones | cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (carpal bones)
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| Flat Bones | thin, flat bones (pelvis)
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| Pneumatic Bones | sinus-containing bones (frontal bone)
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| Irregular Bones | Unpaired bones (vertebrae)
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| Sesamoid Bones | small bones embedded in a tendon (patella)
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| Articular Cartilage | a specific cartilage that covers the joint surface of bone
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| Meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the stifle that cushions forces
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| Chondr/o- | cartilage
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| Joints (articulations) | connections between 2 bones
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| Arthr/o- | joint
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| Synarthroses | joints that allow no movement
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| Amphiarthroses | joints that allow slight movement
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| Diarthroses | joints that allow free movement
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| Suture | a jagged line where bones join and from a nonmovable joint
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| Fontanelle | a soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures tat usually closes after birth
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| Symphysis (Cartilaginous Joint) | a joint where 2 bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone (Ex. mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis)
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| Synovial Joint | free moving joints, Ball and socket joint (Enarthrosis), arthrodial or condyloid joints, trochoid joints
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| Ball and Socket joints | allowing a wide range of motion in many directions (hip or shoulder joint)
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| Arthrodial or Condyloid Joints | joints with an oval projection that fit into a socket (Carpal joints where radius meets carpus)
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| Trochoid joint | pulley shaped joints (atlas and axis in the neck)
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| Hinge joints | allow motion in one direction (canine stifle or elbow joints)
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| Gliding joints | move or glide over each other (radioulnar joint, articulating process between successive vertebrae)
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| Saddle joint | the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (in humans) allowing the thumb to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct
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| Ligament (Ligament/o-) | a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to another bone
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| tendon (ten/o-, tend/o-, tendin/o-) | band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help promote movement
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| Bursa (burs/o-) | a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction (a bursa where a tendon passes over bone)
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| Synovial Membrane (Synovi/o-) | secretes synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
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| Axial Skeleton | the framework of the body (skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, sternum)
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| Appendicular Skeleton | the framework of the body (extremities, shoulder, pelvic girdle) Appending meaning to hang.
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| Craniaum (Crani/o-) | the portion of the skull that enclosed the brain
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| Frontal | the roof of the cranial cavity
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| Parietal | paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
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| Occipital | the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum, or opening for the spinal cord
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| Foramen | opening in bone through which tissue passes
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| Magnum | meaning large
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| Temporal | paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
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| Sphenoid | paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floorand sides of the bony eye socket
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| Ethmoid | forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
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| Incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of nares
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| Pterygoid | forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
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| Sinuses | air or fluid filled spaces in the cranium
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| Brachycephalic | animals with short, wide heads, (Pug, Pekingese)
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| Dolichocephalic | animals with long and narrow heads (greyhounds, collies)
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| Mesocephalic (mesaticephalic) | animals with an average size heads (Labrador Retrievers)
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| Zygomatic | forms the orbit and cheekbone, projections from the temporal and zygomatic bone form the zygomatica arch
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| Maxilla | forms the upper jaw
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| Mandible | forms the lower jaw
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| Palatine | forms parts of the hard palate
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| Lacrimal | forms the medial part of the orbit
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| incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard plate
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| Nasal | forms the bridge of the nose
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| Vomer | forms the base of the nasal septum
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| Nasal septum | the cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
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| Hyoid | bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx
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| Vertebral column (Spinal column, backbone) | supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord
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| Vertebra (spondyl/o-, vertebr/o-) | individual bones that make up the spinal column
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| Vertebral body | the portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
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| Vertebral arch | the dorsal part that surrounds the spinal cord
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| Lamina | the left or right dorsal half of the arch of vertebra
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| vertebral process | meaning projection
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| Spinous Process | a single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
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| Transverse Processes | project laterally from the left and right sides of the vertebral arch
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| Articular Processes | paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
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| Foramen | meaning opening
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| Vertebral foramen | the opening in the middle of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
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| Intervertebral Discs (disc/o-) | cartilage discs that cushion, and separates each vertebra
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| Atlas | C1 the first vertebra
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| Axis | C2 the second vertebra
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| Ribs (costals, cost/o-) | paired bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae
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| Sternum (breastbone) | forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage divided into 3 parts (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
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| Manubrium | cranial portion of the sternum
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| Body (of the sternum) | the middle portion of the sternum
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| Xiphoid Process | the caudal portion of the sternum
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| Thoracic Cavity (rib cage) | the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
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| Scapula (Shoulder blade) | large triangular on the side of the thorax
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| Clavicle (Collar bone) | a slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula
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| Vestigial clavicle | rudimentary clavicle (some species have no clavicle at all)
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| Humerus (Brachium) | long bone of the proximal front limb
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| Antebrachium | the forearm, distal front limb (radius, ulna)
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| Ante- | before
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| Radius | the cranial bone of the front limb
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| Ulna | the caudal bone of the front limb
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| Olecranon | a proximal projection on the ulna that forms the point of the elbow
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| Carpal bones | irregularly shaped bones in the area known as the wrist on humans
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| Metacarpals | bones that are found distal to the carpus
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| Splint bones (Canon Bone) | found in horses, are attached by an interosseous ligament to the large metacarpal,
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| Phalanges (Phalanx) | bones of the digit, numbered from proximal to distal
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| Digits | are the bones analogous to the human finger
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| Dewclaws | Digit 1 on dogs
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| Ungulates | animals with hooves
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| Fetlock Joint | in livestock, the joint between metacarpal (metatarsal) III and the proximal phalanx
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| Pastern Joint | the joint between P1 and P2
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| Coffin joint | the joint between P2 and P3
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| Claw (onych/o-) | P3 in non hooved animals
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| Onychectomy | a declaw procedure for cats (not advised, this is painful and unnecessary)
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| Sesamoid bones | small nodular bones embedded in a tendon or joint capsule
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| Navicular bone | in horses, located insid ehooves of the palmar of plantar surface of P3
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| Pelvis (hip) | consists of 3 bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
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| Ilium | the largest pair of bones in the pelvis, blade shaped, articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
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| Ischium | caudal pair of bones in the pelvis
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| Pubis | the ventral pair of bones that are fused on the midline by a cartilaginous joint called Pubic Symphysis
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| Acetabulum | the large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the bones meet
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| Femur (thigh bone) | the proximal long bone on the rear leg
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| Trochanters | large flat broad projections on a bone
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| Condyles | rounded projection on a bone
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| Patella | large sesamoid bone in the rear limb (like the kneecap, only use kneecap for the front limbs)
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| Stifle Joint | the joint that houses the patella
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| Popliteal | sesamoid bone located on the caudal surface of the stifle
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| Tibia | the larger and more weight bearing distal bone in the rear legs
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| Fibula | a longer slender distal bone of the rear legs
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| Crus | area of the rear limb between the stifle and the hock
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| Tarsus | area of irregularly shaped bones in what would be the ankle in a human
small animals
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| Hock | Tarsus or ankle area in a larger animal
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| Talus | one of the tarsal bones
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| Calcaneus | long lateral bone located in the proximal row of the tarsal bones
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| Aperture | opening
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| Canal | tunnel
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| Condyle | rounded projection (articulates with another bone)
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| Crest | high projection of border projection
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| Crista | ridge
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| Dens | Toothlike structures
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| Eminence | surface projection
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| Facet | smooth area
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| Fissure | Deep Cleft
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| Foramen | Hole
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| Fossa | trench of hollow depressed area
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| Fovea | small pit
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| Head | Major Protrusion
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| Lamina | Thin, flat plate
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| Line | low projection or ridge
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| Malleolus | rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)
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| Meatus | Passage or opening
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| Process | projection
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| Protuberance | projecting part
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| Ramus | Branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
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| Sinus | Space or cavity
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| Spine | Sharp projection
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| Sulcus | groove
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| Suture | seam
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| Trochanter | broad flat projection (on femur)
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| Trochlea | pulley shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate
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| Tubercle | small rounded surface projection
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| Tuberosity | projecting part
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| Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
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| Arthrography | injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination
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| Arthroscopy | visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope
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| Densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and x-rays
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| Goniometer (goni/o-) | instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint
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| Radiology | study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation, used to detect fractures and diseases of bones
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| Ankylosis (ankyl/o-) | loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, ro surgery
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| Arthralgia | joint pain
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| Arthritis | inflammatory condition of joints
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| Arthrodynia | joint pain
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| Arthropathy | joint disease
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| Bursitis | inflammation of the bursa
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| Chondromalacia | abnormal cartilage softening
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| Chondropathy | Cartilage disease
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| Discospondylitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
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| Epiphysitis | Inflammation of the growth plate
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| Exostosis | benign growth on the bone surface
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| Gouty Arthritis | joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint
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| Hip Dysplasia | abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly
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| Intervertebral Disc Disease (herniated disc, ruptured disc, IVDD) | rupture of protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord nerve roots
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| Kyphosis | dorsal curvature of the spine, hunchback
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| Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease | idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs, also called avascular necrosis of the femoral head and neck
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| Lordosis | position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally, seen in cats in heat, commonly called swayback
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| Luxation | Dislocation of displacement of a bone from it's joint
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| Myeloma | tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
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| Ostealgia | bone pain
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| Osteitis | inflammation of bone
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| Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints, also called degenerative joint disease, or DJD
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| Osteochondrosis | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification
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| Osteochondrosis Dissecans | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap or articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes
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| Osteophytes (Joint mice) | detached pieces of articular cartilage
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| Osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bone
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| Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow
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| Osteonecrosis | death fo bone tissue
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| Osteoporosis | abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity
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| Osteosclerosis | abnormal hardening of bone
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| Periostitis | inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
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| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue and joints
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| Sequestrum | piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone
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| Spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae
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| Spondylosis | any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae
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| Spondylosis Deformans | chronic degeneration of the articular processes and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae
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| Spur | bony projection growing out of a bone
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| Subluxation | partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint
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| Synovitis | Inflammatin of the synovial membrane of joints
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| Avulsion Fracture | broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull
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| Callus | bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone
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| Closed Fracture (simple fracture) | broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin
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| Comminuted Fracture | broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces
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| Compression Fracture | broken bone produced when the bones are pressed together
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| Crepitation (Crepitus) | cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together
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| Displaced Fracture | bone fracture parts are out of line
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| Fracture | broken bone
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| Greenstick Fracture (Incomplete fracture) | bone that is broken only on one side and the other side si bent
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| Immobilization | act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast
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| Manipulation (reduction) | Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture of dislocation,
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| Oblique Fracture | broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis
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| Open Fracture (Compound Fracture) | broken bone in which there id an open wound in the skin
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| Pathologic Fracture | broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease
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| Physeal Fracture | bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate, Salter-Harris I-V fractures
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| Spiral Fracture | broken bone in which the bone is twisted apart or spiraled apart
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| Stress Fracture | broken bone caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone
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| Transverse Fracture | broken bone that is broken at right angles to it's axis or straight across the bone
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| Amputation | removal of some, or all of a body part
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| Arthrodesis | fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means
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| -desis | to bind or surgical fixation of a bone or joint
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| Chemonucleolysis | process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance
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| Craniotomy | surgical incision or opening in the skull
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| External Fixation | Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, ,splints, or external fixators (rods, or pins)
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| Internal Fixation | alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or paltes
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| Laminectomy | surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra
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| Ostectomy | surgical removal of bone
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| Osteocentesis | surgical puncture of a bone
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| Osteodensis | Fusion of bones
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| Osteopexy | surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall
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| Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone
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| Osteostomy | surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone
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| Osteotomy | Surgical incision or sectioning of bone
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| Trephination | process of cutting a hole into a bone using trephine
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| Trephine | circular sawlike instrument used to remove bone or tissue
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| Adjustment (manipulation) | the application of a controlled rapid thrust of precise direction and depth delivered to a specific contact point
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| Extension (chiropractic) | ventral arching or straightening of the spine
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| Flexion (chiropractic) | Dorsal arching for the spine
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| Lateral Flexion (chiropractic) | bowing or bending to each side (left or right)
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| Rotation (chiropractic) | twisting to the left or right
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| Fixation | when a joint becomes immobilized in a fixed position that may occur at rest or during a normal movement
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| Malarticulations | the connections between bones that do not line up correctly
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| Misalignment (subluxation) | vertebral misalignment, interfering with nerve signals from the brain
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| Motion segment | basic functional unit of the spine
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| Range of motion | amount of movement that occurs at a particular joint (ROM)
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| Spinal Manipulation | used to restore normal motion and alignment
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| Ambulation | walking, running, moving from one place to another
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| My/o-, Myos/o- | muscle
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| Fibr/o-, Fibros/o- | fibrous tissue
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| Skeletal Muscle | striated, voluntary movement, attaches bones to the body and makes motion possible
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| Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated, Unstriated, involuntary, visceral, produces slow contractions to allow unconscious function of internal organs
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| Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary, contraction of the heart muscle
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| Fascia (Fasci/o-, Fasc/i-) | sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers supports and separates muscles
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| Tendon (tend/o-, tendin/o-) | narrow band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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| Linea Alba | a fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles
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| Aponeurosis (aponeur/o-) | a fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
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| Kinesi/o-, -kinesis | movement
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| Kinesiology | study of movement
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| Antagonistic | things that work opposite each other (with muscles they are a pair that produce movement in opposite directions)
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| Anti- | against
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| Agon- | struggle
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| Synergists | things that work together (with muscles they contract at the same time to help move or support)
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| Contraction | tightening of a muscle
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| Relaxation | lessening tension, or release, of a muscle
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| Neuromuscular Junction | point at which nerve endings come in contact with the muscle cells
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| Tonus | muscle tone
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| Muscle Origin | the place where the muscle begins, or originates, a more fixed attachment
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| Muscle Insertion | the place there the muscle ends, or inserts and a more moveable part
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| Abductor | muscle that moves away from the midline
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| Adducter | Muscle that moves a part toward the midline
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| Flexor | muscle that bends a limb at it's joint or decreases the joint angle
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| Extensor | muscle that straightens a limb, or lessens the angle of the joint
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| Levator | Muscle that raises or elevates
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| Depressor | Muscle that lowers or depresses
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| Rotator | Muscle that turns a body part on it's axis
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| Supinator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upwards
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| Pronator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downwards
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| Pectoral Muscles | located on the chest
Pector = chest
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| Epaxial Muscles | located above the pelvic axis
epi-above, axis- line which rotation occurs,
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| Intercostal Muscles | located between the ribs
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| Infraspinatus Muscles | located beneath the spine of the scapula
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| Supraspinatus Muscles | located above the spine of the scapula
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| Externus | outer
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| Internus | Inner
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| Orbicularis | muscles surrounding a structure
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| Rectus | Straight direction of muscle fiber
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| Oblique | slanted outward, direction of muscle fiber
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| Transverse | crosswise, direction of muscle fiber
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| Sphincter | tight band, direction of muscle fiber
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| Biceps | muscles with 2 divisions
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| Triceps | muscles with 3 divistion
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| Quadriceps | muscles with 4 divisions
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| Minimus | small size of muscle
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| Manimus (Vastus) | large size of muscle
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| Latissimus | broad size of muscle
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| Longissimus (gracilis) | narrow size of muscle
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| Major | describes larger parts of muscle
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| Minor | describes smaller parts of muscle
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| Deltoid | muscle looks like triangle (greek delta)
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| Quadratus | muscles that are square or 4 sided
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| Rhomboideus | muscles that are diamond shaped
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| Scalenus | muscles that are unequally 3 sided
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| Serratus | muscles that are saw toothed
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| Teres | muscles that ae cylindrical
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| Electromyography | process of recording the electrical activity fo the muscle cells
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| Electromyogram | the record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation
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| Adhesion | band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion
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| Ataxia | lack of voluntary control of muscle movement
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| Atonic | lacking muscle tone
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| Atrophy | decrease size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell
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| Dystrophy | defective growth
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| Fascitis | inflammation on the sheet fo fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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| Fibroma | tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue (fibroid)
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| Hernia | Protrusion of a body part through tissues that normally contain it.
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| Laxity | looseness
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| Leiomyositis | inflammation of smooth muscle
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| Leomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle
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| Myasthenia | muscle weaknes (-asthenia = weakness)
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| Myoclonus | muscle spasm (clon/o- = violent action, spasm)
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| Myoma | benign tumor of muscle
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| Myopathy | abnormal condition or disease of muscle
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| Myositis | inflammation of voluntary muscles
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| Myotonia | Delayed relaxation of muscle afer contraction
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| rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated muscle
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| tendinitis | inflammation of the tendon (connecting muscle to bone)
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| Tetany | muscle spasms or twitching
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| Myectomy | surgical removal of muscle
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| Myoplasty | Surgical repair of muscle
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| Myotomy | surgical incision into muscle
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| Tenectomy | surgical removal of a part of tendon
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| Tenotomy | surgical division of a tendon
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|
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| DJD | degenerative joint disease
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|
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| EMG | electromyography
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|
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| Fx | fracture
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|
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| IVDD | intervertebral disc disease
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|
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| P1 | phalanx 1
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|
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| P2 | phalanx 2
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|
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| P3 | phalanx 3
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|
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| RA | rheumatoid arthritis
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|
||||
| ROM | range of motion
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|
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| TPO | triple pelvic osteotomy
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|
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