Veterinary Medical Terminology
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Musculoskeletal System | two systems that work together to support the body and allow movement
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Ossification | the formation of bones from fibrous tissue
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Osteoblasts | immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
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Osteoclasts | phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone
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Oste/o-, Oss/e-, Oss/i- | bone
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-blasts | immature
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-clasts | break
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Osteocytes | mature Osteoblasts
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Hematopoietic | Red bone marrow located in cancellous bone (producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and clotting cells)
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Hemat/o- | blood
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-poietic | pertaining to formation
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Medullary Cavity | the inner space of bone (containing yellow bone marrow)
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Cartilage | another form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
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Epi- | above
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Physis (Growth Plate or Epiphyseal Cartilage) | Growth, cartilage segment of long bone that involved growth of the bone
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Dia- | between
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Peri- | surrounding
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Oste/o- | bone
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-um | structure
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Endo- | within, or inner
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Meta- | beyond
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Cortical Bone (Compact Bone) | hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone
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Cancellous Bone (Spongy Bone) | lighter, lass strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones
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Cortex | bark or shell (Latin)
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Cancellous | latticework (Latin)
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Epiphysis | wide end of long bone, covered in articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone
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Proximal Epiphysis | located nearest the midline
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Distal Epiphysis | located farthest from the midline
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Diaphysis | shaft of long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
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Metaphysis | wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis
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Periosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
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Endosteum | tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
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Long Bones | bones consisting of a shaft, 2 ends, and a marrow cavity (Femur)
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Short Bones | cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity (carpal bones)
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Flat Bones | thin, flat bones (pelvis)
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Pneumatic Bones | sinus-containing bones (frontal bone)
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Irregular Bones | Unpaired bones (vertebrae)
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Sesamoid Bones | small bones embedded in a tendon (patella)
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Articular Cartilage | a specific cartilage that covers the joint surface of bone
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Meniscus | curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the stifle that cushions forces
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Chondr/o- | cartilage
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Joints (articulations) | connections between 2 bones
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Arthr/o- | joint
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Synarthroses | joints that allow no movement
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Amphiarthroses | joints that allow slight movement
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Diarthroses | joints that allow free movement
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Suture | a jagged line where bones join and from a nonmovable joint
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Fontanelle | a soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures tat usually closes after birth
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Symphysis (Cartilaginous Joint) | a joint where 2 bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone (Ex. mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis)
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Synovial Joint | free moving joints, Ball and socket joint (Enarthrosis), arthrodial or condyloid joints, trochoid joints
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Ball and Socket joints | allowing a wide range of motion in many directions (hip or shoulder joint)
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Arthrodial or Condyloid Joints | joints with an oval projection that fit into a socket (Carpal joints where radius meets carpus)
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Trochoid joint | pulley shaped joints (atlas and axis in the neck)
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Hinge joints | allow motion in one direction (canine stifle or elbow joints)
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Gliding joints | move or glide over each other (radioulnar joint, articulating process between successive vertebrae)
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Saddle joint | the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (in humans) allowing the thumb to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct
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Ligament (Ligament/o-) | a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to another bone
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tendon (ten/o-, tend/o-, tendin/o-) | band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to help promote movement
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Bursa (burs/o-) | a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction (a bursa where a tendon passes over bone)
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Synovial Membrane (Synovi/o-) | secretes synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
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Axial Skeleton | the framework of the body (skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, sternum)
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Appendicular Skeleton | the framework of the body (extremities, shoulder, pelvic girdle) Appending meaning to hang.
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Craniaum (Crani/o-) | the portion of the skull that enclosed the brain
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Frontal | the roof of the cranial cavity
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Parietal | paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
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Occipital | the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum, or opening for the spinal cord
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Foramen | opening in bone through which tissue passes
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Magnum | meaning large
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Temporal | paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
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Sphenoid | paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floorand sides of the bony eye socket
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Ethmoid | forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
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Incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of nares
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Pterygoid | forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
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Sinuses | air or fluid filled spaces in the cranium
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Brachycephalic | animals with short, wide heads, (Pug, Pekingese)
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Dolichocephalic | animals with long and narrow heads (greyhounds, collies)
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Mesocephalic (mesaticephalic) | animals with an average size heads (Labrador Retrievers)
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Zygomatic | forms the orbit and cheekbone, projections from the temporal and zygomatic bone form the zygomatica arch
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Maxilla | forms the upper jaw
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Mandible | forms the lower jaw
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Palatine | forms parts of the hard palate
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Lacrimal | forms the medial part of the orbit
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incisive | forms the rostral part of the hard plate
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Nasal | forms the bridge of the nose
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Vomer | forms the base of the nasal septum
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Nasal septum | the cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
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Hyoid | bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx
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Vertebral column (Spinal column, backbone) | supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord
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Vertebra (spondyl/o-, vertebr/o-) | individual bones that make up the spinal column
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Vertebral body | the portion of the vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
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Vertebral arch | the dorsal part that surrounds the spinal cord
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Lamina | the left or right dorsal half of the arch of vertebra
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vertebral process | meaning projection
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Spinous Process | a single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
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Transverse Processes | project laterally from the left and right sides of the vertebral arch
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Articular Processes | paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
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Foramen | meaning opening
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Vertebral foramen | the opening in the middle of the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes
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Intervertebral Discs (disc/o-) | cartilage discs that cushion, and separates each vertebra
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Atlas | C1 the first vertebra
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Axis | C2 the second vertebra
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Ribs (costals, cost/o-) | paired bones that attach to the thoracic vertebrae
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Sternum (breastbone) | forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage divided into 3 parts (manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
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Manubrium | cranial portion of the sternum
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Body (of the sternum) | the middle portion of the sternum
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Xiphoid Process | the caudal portion of the sternum
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Thoracic Cavity (rib cage) | the ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae
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Scapula (Shoulder blade) | large triangular on the side of the thorax
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Clavicle (Collar bone) | a slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula
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Vestigial clavicle | rudimentary clavicle (some species have no clavicle at all)
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Humerus (Brachium) | long bone of the proximal front limb
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Antebrachium | the forearm, distal front limb (radius, ulna)
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Ante- | before
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Radius | the cranial bone of the front limb
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Ulna | the caudal bone of the front limb
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Olecranon | a proximal projection on the ulna that forms the point of the elbow
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Carpal bones | irregularly shaped bones in the area known as the wrist on humans
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Metacarpals | bones that are found distal to the carpus
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Splint bones (Canon Bone) | found in horses, are attached by an interosseous ligament to the large metacarpal,
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Phalanges (Phalanx) | bones of the digit, numbered from proximal to distal
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Digits | are the bones analogous to the human finger
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Dewclaws | Digit 1 on dogs
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Ungulates | animals with hooves
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Fetlock Joint | in livestock, the joint between metacarpal (metatarsal) III and the proximal phalanx
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Pastern Joint | the joint between P1 and P2
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Coffin joint | the joint between P2 and P3
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Claw (onych/o-) | P3 in non hooved animals
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Onychectomy | a declaw procedure for cats (not advised, this is painful and unnecessary)
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Sesamoid bones | small nodular bones embedded in a tendon or joint capsule
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Navicular bone | in horses, located insid ehooves of the palmar of plantar surface of P3
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Pelvis (hip) | consists of 3 bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
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Ilium | the largest pair of bones in the pelvis, blade shaped, articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
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Ischium | caudal pair of bones in the pelvis
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Pubis | the ventral pair of bones that are fused on the midline by a cartilaginous joint called Pubic Symphysis
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Acetabulum | the large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the bones meet
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Femur (thigh bone) | the proximal long bone on the rear leg
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Trochanters | large flat broad projections on a bone
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Condyles | rounded projection on a bone
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Patella | large sesamoid bone in the rear limb (like the kneecap, only use kneecap for the front limbs)
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Stifle Joint | the joint that houses the patella
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Popliteal | sesamoid bone located on the caudal surface of the stifle
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Tibia | the larger and more weight bearing distal bone in the rear legs
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Fibula | a longer slender distal bone of the rear legs
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Crus | area of the rear limb between the stifle and the hock
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Tarsus | area of irregularly shaped bones in what would be the ankle in a human
small animals
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Hock | Tarsus or ankle area in a larger animal
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Talus | one of the tarsal bones
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Calcaneus | long lateral bone located in the proximal row of the tarsal bones
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Aperture | opening
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Canal | tunnel
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Condyle | rounded projection (articulates with another bone)
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Crest | high projection of border projection
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Crista | ridge
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Dens | Toothlike structures
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Eminence | surface projection
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Facet | smooth area
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Fissure | Deep Cleft
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Foramen | Hole
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Fossa | trench of hollow depressed area
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Fovea | small pit
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Head | Major Protrusion
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Lamina | Thin, flat plate
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Line | low projection or ridge
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Malleolus | rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)
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Meatus | Passage or opening
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Process | projection
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Protuberance | projecting part
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Ramus | Branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
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Sinus | Space or cavity
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Spine | Sharp projection
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Sulcus | groove
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Suture | seam
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Trochanter | broad flat projection (on femur)
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Trochlea | pulley shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate
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Tubercle | small rounded surface projection
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Tuberosity | projecting part
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Arthrocentesis | surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
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Arthrography | injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination
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Arthroscopy | visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope
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Densitometer | device that measures bone density using light and x-rays
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Goniometer (goni/o-) | instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint
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Radiology | study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation, used to detect fractures and diseases of bones
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Ankylosis (ankyl/o-) | loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, ro surgery
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Arthralgia | joint pain
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Arthritis | inflammatory condition of joints
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Arthrodynia | joint pain
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Arthropathy | joint disease
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Bursitis | inflammation of the bursa
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Chondromalacia | abnormal cartilage softening
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Chondropathy | Cartilage disease
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Discospondylitis | inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
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Epiphysitis | Inflammation of the growth plate
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Exostosis | benign growth on the bone surface
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Gouty Arthritis | joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint
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Hip Dysplasia | abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly
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Intervertebral Disc Disease (herniated disc, ruptured disc, IVDD) | rupture of protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord nerve roots
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Kyphosis | dorsal curvature of the spine, hunchback
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Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease | idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs, also called avascular necrosis of the femoral head and neck
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Lordosis | position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally, seen in cats in heat, commonly called swayback
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Luxation | Dislocation of displacement of a bone from it's joint
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Myeloma | tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
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Ostealgia | bone pain
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Osteitis | inflammation of bone
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Osteoarthritis | degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints, also called degenerative joint disease, or DJD
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Osteochondrosis | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification
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Osteochondrosis Dissecans | degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification with dissecting flap or articular cartilage and some inflammatory joint changes
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Osteophytes (Joint mice) | detached pieces of articular cartilage
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Osteomalacia | abnormal softening of bone
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Osteomyelitis | inflammation of bone and bone marrow
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Osteonecrosis | death fo bone tissue
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Osteoporosis | abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity
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Osteosclerosis | abnormal hardening of bone
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Periostitis | inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
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Rheumatoid Arthritis | Autoimmune disorder of the connective tissue and joints
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Sequestrum | piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone
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Spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae
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Spondylosis | any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae
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Spondylosis Deformans | chronic degeneration of the articular processes and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae
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Spur | bony projection growing out of a bone
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Subluxation | partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint
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Synovitis | Inflammatin of the synovial membrane of joints
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Avulsion Fracture | broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull
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Callus | bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone
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Closed Fracture (simple fracture) | broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin
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Comminuted Fracture | broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces
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Compression Fracture | broken bone produced when the bones are pressed together
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Crepitation (Crepitus) | cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together
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Displaced Fracture | bone fracture parts are out of line
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Fracture | broken bone
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Greenstick Fracture (Incomplete fracture) | bone that is broken only on one side and the other side si bent
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Immobilization | act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast
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Manipulation (reduction) | Attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture of dislocation,
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Oblique Fracture | broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis
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Open Fracture (Compound Fracture) | broken bone in which there id an open wound in the skin
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Pathologic Fracture | broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease
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Physeal Fracture | bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate, Salter-Harris I-V fractures
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Spiral Fracture | broken bone in which the bone is twisted apart or spiraled apart
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Stress Fracture | broken bone caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone
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Transverse Fracture | broken bone that is broken at right angles to it's axis or straight across the bone
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Amputation | removal of some, or all of a body part
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Arthrodesis | fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means
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-desis | to bind or surgical fixation of a bone or joint
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Chemonucleolysis | process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance
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Craniotomy | surgical incision or opening in the skull
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External Fixation | Alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, ,splints, or external fixators (rods, or pins)
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Internal Fixation | alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or paltes
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Laminectomy | surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra
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Ostectomy | surgical removal of bone
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Osteocentesis | surgical puncture of a bone
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Osteodensis | Fusion of bones
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Osteopexy | surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall
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Osteoplasty | surgical repair of a bone
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Osteostomy | surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone
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Osteotomy | Surgical incision or sectioning of bone
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Trephination | process of cutting a hole into a bone using trephine
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Trephine | circular sawlike instrument used to remove bone or tissue
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Adjustment (manipulation) | the application of a controlled rapid thrust of precise direction and depth delivered to a specific contact point
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Extension (chiropractic) | ventral arching or straightening of the spine
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Flexion (chiropractic) | Dorsal arching for the spine
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Lateral Flexion (chiropractic) | bowing or bending to each side (left or right)
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Rotation (chiropractic) | twisting to the left or right
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Fixation | when a joint becomes immobilized in a fixed position that may occur at rest or during a normal movement
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Malarticulations | the connections between bones that do not line up correctly
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Misalignment (subluxation) | vertebral misalignment, interfering with nerve signals from the brain
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Motion segment | basic functional unit of the spine
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Range of motion | amount of movement that occurs at a particular joint (ROM)
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Spinal Manipulation | used to restore normal motion and alignment
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Ambulation | walking, running, moving from one place to another
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My/o-, Myos/o- | muscle
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Fibr/o-, Fibros/o- | fibrous tissue
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Skeletal Muscle | striated, voluntary movement, attaches bones to the body and makes motion possible
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Smooth Muscle | Nonstriated, Unstriated, involuntary, visceral, produces slow contractions to allow unconscious function of internal organs
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Cardiac Muscle | Striated, involuntary, contraction of the heart muscle
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Fascia (Fasci/o-, Fasc/i-) | sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers supports and separates muscles
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Tendon (tend/o-, tendin/o-) | narrow band of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Linea Alba | a fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles
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Aponeurosis (aponeur/o-) | a fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
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Kinesi/o-, -kinesis | movement
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Kinesiology | study of movement
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Antagonistic | things that work opposite each other (with muscles they are a pair that produce movement in opposite directions)
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Anti- | against
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Agon- | struggle
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Synergists | things that work together (with muscles they contract at the same time to help move or support)
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Contraction | tightening of a muscle
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Relaxation | lessening tension, or release, of a muscle
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Neuromuscular Junction | point at which nerve endings come in contact with the muscle cells
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Tonus | muscle tone
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Muscle Origin | the place where the muscle begins, or originates, a more fixed attachment
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Muscle Insertion | the place there the muscle ends, or inserts and a more moveable part
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Abductor | muscle that moves away from the midline
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Adducter | Muscle that moves a part toward the midline
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Flexor | muscle that bends a limb at it's joint or decreases the joint angle
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Extensor | muscle that straightens a limb, or lessens the angle of the joint
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Levator | Muscle that raises or elevates
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Depressor | Muscle that lowers or depresses
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Rotator | Muscle that turns a body part on it's axis
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Supinator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upwards
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Pronator | Muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downwards
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Pectoral Muscles | located on the chest
Pector = chest
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Epaxial Muscles | located above the pelvic axis
epi-above, axis- line which rotation occurs,
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Intercostal Muscles | located between the ribs
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Infraspinatus Muscles | located beneath the spine of the scapula
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Supraspinatus Muscles | located above the spine of the scapula
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Externus | outer
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Internus | Inner
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Orbicularis | muscles surrounding a structure
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Rectus | Straight direction of muscle fiber
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Oblique | slanted outward, direction of muscle fiber
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Transverse | crosswise, direction of muscle fiber
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Sphincter | tight band, direction of muscle fiber
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Biceps | muscles with 2 divisions
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Triceps | muscles with 3 divistion
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Quadriceps | muscles with 4 divisions
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Minimus | small size of muscle
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Manimus (Vastus) | large size of muscle
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Latissimus | broad size of muscle
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Longissimus (gracilis) | narrow size of muscle
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Major | describes larger parts of muscle
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Minor | describes smaller parts of muscle
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Deltoid | muscle looks like triangle (greek delta)
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Quadratus | muscles that are square or 4 sided
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Rhomboideus | muscles that are diamond shaped
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Scalenus | muscles that are unequally 3 sided
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Serratus | muscles that are saw toothed
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Teres | muscles that ae cylindrical
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Electromyography | process of recording the electrical activity fo the muscle cells
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Electromyogram | the record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation
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Adhesion | band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion
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Ataxia | lack of voluntary control of muscle movement
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Atonic | lacking muscle tone
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Atrophy | decrease size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell
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Dystrophy | defective growth
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Fascitis | inflammation on the sheet fo fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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Fibroma | tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue (fibroid)
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Hernia | Protrusion of a body part through tissues that normally contain it.
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Laxity | looseness
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Leiomyositis | inflammation of smooth muscle
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Leomyoma | benign tumor of smooth muscle
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Myasthenia | muscle weaknes (-asthenia = weakness)
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Myoclonus | muscle spasm (clon/o- = violent action, spasm)
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Myoma | benign tumor of muscle
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Myopathy | abnormal condition or disease of muscle
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Myositis | inflammation of voluntary muscles
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Myotonia | Delayed relaxation of muscle afer contraction
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rhabdomyoma | benign tumor of striated muscle
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tendinitis | inflammation of the tendon (connecting muscle to bone)
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Tetany | muscle spasms or twitching
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Myectomy | surgical removal of muscle
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Myoplasty | Surgical repair of muscle
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Myotomy | surgical incision into muscle
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Tenectomy | surgical removal of a part of tendon
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Tenotomy | surgical division of a tendon
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DJD | degenerative joint disease
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EMG | electromyography
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Fx | fracture
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|
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IVDD | intervertebral disc disease
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|
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P1 | phalanx 1
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|
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P2 | phalanx 2
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|
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P3 | phalanx 3
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|
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RA | rheumatoid arthritis
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|
||||
ROM | range of motion
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|
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TPO | triple pelvic osteotomy
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|
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