Astronomy
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| The Big Bang | Theory of how the universe began. Space started expanding/inflating
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| Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram | Plot of stars luminosity vs. their colour/temperature.
Blue star = hot temperature. Red star = cool temperature
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| Luminosity | The brightness of a star. How much energy it gives off.
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| Star | A cloud of gas that is undergoing nuclear fusion reaction in the core.
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| Nuclear fusion | A nuclear reaction that combines two Hydrogens into a He, for example. The process by which new elements are created.
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| Core of a star | The centre part of a star that is dense and hot.
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| Main Sequence | The evolution of most stars falls on the main sequence on the H-R diagram. Hot and bright stars eventually end up cool and dim.
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| Supernova | A huge, energy-releasing explosion of stellar material from a star.
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| Red Giant | A stage in stellar evolution towards the end of a star's life. The star has a very large radius and is relatively cool.
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| Red Dwarf | A stage in stellar evolution towards the end of a star's life. The star is relatively small and cool./dim.
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| White Dwarf | A stage in stellar evolution. The star is small and very hot/bright.
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| Black Hole | A massive star ends up collapsing under its own gravity and forms a black hole, whose gravity is so enormous that nothing, not even light can escape.
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| Neutron Star | A massive star ends up collapsing into a neutron star. All the electrons and protons combing into neutrons under the enormous gravity.
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| Nebula | A giant cloud of gas and dust.
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| Sun | A star that has planets revolving around it.
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| Planet | A rocky or gaseous celestial body that is orbiting a star.
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| Solar System | A sun and its planets/moons.
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| Phases of the moon | The moon reflects varying amounts of the sun's light as it orbits around the earth .
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| New Moon | The moon is between the earth and the sun and we do not see any reflected light.
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| Full Moon | The earth is between the sun and the moon and we see all the reflected light from the sun.
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| Constellation | A grouping of stars that we see in the night sky in the same location.
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| Aurora Borealis / Aurora Australis | The Northern /Southern Lights. Particles from the sun ionize atoms and molecules in the atmosphere, giving off light in the process.
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| Electromagnetic Radiation | Photon (particle of light) behaves as a wave with different frequencies/wavelenths. High frequency = high energy
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| Photon | particle of light travelling at 300,000,000 km/s
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| Electromagnetic Spectrum | The range of EM radiation from gramma rays (high energy) to radio waves (low energy)
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| Doppler effect | The perceived change in frequency of a wave because the wave source is moving relative to the observer or vice versa.
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| Blue Shift | The wave source is moving towards the observer (or vice versa) so the frequency of the wave appears to increase.
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| Red Shift | The wave source is moving away from the observer (or vice versa) so the frequency of the wave appears to decrease.
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| Frequency of a wave | How many times a wave is generated in one second.
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| Wavelength of a wave | The distance from the crest of a wave to the next crest. Or trough to trough.
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| Speed of a wave | The frequency of a wave times its wavelength is equal to its speed.
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| Winter Solstice/Summer Solstice | The shortest (Dec 21) /longest(June 21) day of the year on earth.
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| Spring/Fall Equinox | Two days of the year, March 21, September 21 where we have equal hours of day and night.
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| Astronomical Unit | The distance from the earth to the sun - about 150,000,000 km
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| Lightyear | The distance light can travel in one year - about 9.46 x 10^12 km
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| The age of the universe | Approximately 14 billion years.
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| The age of the sun | Approximately 4.5 billion years.
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| Inner Planets/Terrestrial Planets | Venus, Mercury, Earth, Mars
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| Outer Planets/Jovian planets | Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune,Uranus
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| Dark Matter/Dark Energy | Proposed theory that 27% of the matter in the universe does not interact with EM radiation. 70% of universe is made up of dark energy.
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| Lunar Eclipse | The earth passes in front of the full moon, blocking its reflected sunlight from reaching the earth.
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| Solar Eclipse | The new moon passes in front of the sun blocking its sunlight from reaching the earth.
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| Sunspots | Areas of magnetic fields on the sun
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| Solar flare | Solar prominence that erupts sending solar material into space
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| Solar prominence | Large loops of bright gas near sunspots
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| Corona | The sun's outer atmosphere, visible during a solar eclipse.
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| Asteroid | Chunks of rocky material, in various sizes, orbiting around the solar system.
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| Meteor | Asteroid that enters the earth's atmosphere burning up due to friction. Also known as shooting star.
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| Meteorite | Meteor that does not completely burn up in the earth's atmosphere and hits earth.
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| Kuiper belt | Belt of icy, rocky chunks orbiting the sun outside of Neptune.
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| Oort Cloud | A sphere of space dust and debris that extends to the very edge of the solar system.
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| Astronomy | The study of stars, planets, galaxies.
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| Cosmology | The study of the universe.
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