Sensory components of motor control
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| What are the three important sources of feedback involved in motor control? | touch, proprioception, and vision.
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| Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect | skin stretch and joint movement
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| Mechanoreceptors relay ______ _____ _____ to the CNS. | tactile sensory information
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| Touch influences | movement accuracy, consistency, timing, force adjustments, and distance.
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| Proprioception is | the perception of limb, body, and head movement characteristics.
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| Information about limb movement direction, location in space, and velocity is sent to the CNS by | afferent neural pathways.
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| Proprioception is transmitted by | proprioceptors.
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| Proprioception influences | movement accuracy, timing of the onset of motor commands, coordination of body segments, postural control, and spatial-temporal coupling.
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| Proprioceptors are located in | muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints.
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| Muscle spindles | detect change in muscle length.
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| Golgi-tendon organs | detect change in muscle tension, or force
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| Joint receptors | detect changes in joint movement at the extremes of angular movement and position.
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| Deafferentation | used to make proprioceptive feedback unavailable
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| Without vision, | movement is negatively affected.
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| Vision is | the result of the sensory receptors of the eyes receiving and transmitting wavelengths of light to the visual cortex of the brain by way of the optic nerve.
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| Cornea | a clear surface that covers the front of the eye
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| Pupil | the opening in the eye that lets in light.
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| The amount of light detected by the eye | influences the diameter of the pupil.
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| Iris | the eye structure that surrounds the pupil and provides the eye its color.
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| Lens | the transparent eye structure that sits just behind the iris.
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| This allows the eye to focus on various distances. | lens
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| The neural aspects of vision begins with the _________. | retina
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| _____ respond to low levels of light. | rods
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| ______ only respond to bright light. | cones
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| Rods are concentrated at the ________. | periphery
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| Cones are concentrated at the ________. | center
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| Cones are critical in ______, ______, and ________. | color vision, visual acuity, and central vision.
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| Waves are __________ in the retina. | refracted
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| Axons of neurons in the retina called ganglion cells form the | optic nerve
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| The optic nerve is cranial nerve number what? | 2
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| The optic nerves from the two eyes meet near the base of the brain and form the | optic chiasm
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| Visual field | refers to the image or scene being viewed.
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| Central vision | detects information only in the middle 2 to 5 degrees of the visual field.
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| Peripheral vision | detects information outside of the middle 2 to 5 degrees of the visual field.
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| _______ ________ is needed for the successful achievement of the action goal. | central vision
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| Central vision is related to | visual acuity
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| Peripheral vision is related to | velocity and control
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| _______ allows action initiation and object contact to occur automatically at a specific time to contact | tau
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| _____ allows us to recognize and describe what we see | vision-for-perception
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| ______allows us to move in our environment | vision-for -action
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| When there is a sufficient amount of time, people can make | movement corrections
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| Movement errors may occur due to movement or environmental conditions that were _____ _____ to allow for a correction. | too fast
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| Vertical visual field is how many degrees? | 160
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| Horizontal visual field is how many degrees? | 200
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| Binocular vision is | seeing with both eyes.
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