AP LIT FINAL WORDS
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| allusion | passing reference to a familiar person, place, event etc. ex: "He saw himself as a modern job."
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| allegory | fictional work in which characters represent ideas or concepts. ex: In paul Bunyan's Pilgram's Progress, the characters named faithful + mercy are meant to represent types of ppl rather than to be characters in their own rights.
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| alliteration | repetition of consonant sounds. ex: "The tall tamarack trees shaded the cozy cabin"
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| analogy | a form of comparison in which the writer explains s/t unfamiliar by comparing it to s/t familiar. ex: "The pond was as smooth as a mirror."
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| audience | intended readership. ex: "The readers of a national weekly news-magazine come from all walks of life and have diverse opinions..."
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| cause and effect analysis | answers the question "why" and explains the reasons for an occurrence of the consequences of an action. (example of exposition)
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| comparison and contrast | points out similarities and differences between two or more subjects (in the same class or category).purpose is to clarify - to reach a conclusion about the items being C+C. (example of exposition)
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| conflict | argument or problem
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| antithesis | a balanced pairing of opposites
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| connotation and denotation | meaning of words. denotation is the literal dictionary definition, ex: denotation of a lamb is "young sheep". connotation is the implied definition. connotations of lamb are numberous: gentle, docile, weak, peaceful, blessed, innocent, frisky.
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| description | tells how a person, place or thing is perceived by the 5 senses. (prose). Objective description -reports these sensory qualities factually. subjective description - gives the writer's interpretation of them.
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| essay components | intro paragraph: hook, intro to point, thesis. body paragraphs. conclusion: restate thesis,elevate thesis advice, warning, ask question,apply to larger context
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| diction | authors choice of words. writer's diction contributes to tone of the text. ex: The gentleman was considerably irritated." (formal, elevated diction).
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| exposition | clarify, explain + inform. exposition process: process analysis, definition, division/classification, comparison/contrast exemplification+cause/effect analysis. ex: novel involves wedding, exposition might exp. signif. of it to T ovall work of lit (prose)
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| hyperbole | (F.O.S) - exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis. ex: "my feet are as cold as an iceberg" or "I'll die if I don't see you soon." emphasis on exaggeration rather than literal representation - opposite of understatement.
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| irony | occurs when a situation produces an outcome that is the opposite of what is expected.
dramatic (reader knows something the character doesnt), situational (different outcome then whats expected), verbal (sarcasm). ex: "I am glad my case is not serious."
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| figurative language | umbrella term for any uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison. ex: "You've earned your wings" ("you've succeeded") - comparision w/ bird who just learned how to fly. (similes, metaphors, symbols)
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| metaphor | two unlike things are compared directly, for emphasis/dramatic effect. ex: govt = "ship of state", industry + businesses = "engines of ship", citizens = "passenger of the ship".
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| mood | prevailing or dominant feeling at work, scene, or event. ex: In the opening scene of macbeth in which 3 witches are center stage, for instance, sets mood of doom/tragedy for 1st act of play. mood ~ atmosphere
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| narration | tell a story/what happened. used in fiction, also nonfiction (by itself or in conjuction w. other types of prose. (prose)
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| personification | (F.O.S) objects or ideas are described as having human qualities/personalities. ex: "The saddened birch trees were bent to the ground, laden w/ ice; they groaned and shivered in the cold winds." (trees represented as capables of human emotion)
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| purpose | what the writer wants to accomplish in a particuliar piece of writing. Purposeful writing seeks to relate(narration), to describe (description), to explain (analytical), or to convince (argument).
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| rhetorical question | question asked for the sake of argument. (no direct answer provided, probably answer implied in argument). ex: "When will nuclear proliferation end". used to introduce topics writer's plan to discuss or to emphasize imp. points.
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| rhetoric | art and logic of a written or spoken argument (persuade, analyze expose) - purposeful.
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| rhetorical devices | specific language tools an author uses to carry out a rhetorical strategy/achieve a purpose for writing. (allusion, diction, imagery, syntax, selection of detail, figurative language and repetition.)
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| rhetorical strategies | the way an author organizes words, sentences, + overall argument in order to achieve a particular purpose. ex: if the writer wishes to show how to make cookies, most effective strategy would be process analysis.
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| syntax | way words are arranged in a sentence. ex: "The big blue sky beckoned her," says the same thing as "She was beckoned by the big blue sky." (similar meaning, diff. syntax/word order)
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| simple sentence | one subject and one verb. ex: "The singer bowed to her audience."
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| compound sentence | two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (and, but, or)/ semicolon. ex: "The singer bowed to the audience, but she sang no encores."
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| complex sentence | independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. ex: "You said that you would tell the truth."
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| loose sentence | makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending. ex: "We reached Edmonton/that morning/after a turbulent flight/and some exciting experiences."
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| periodic sentence | makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached. ex: "That morning, after a turbulent flight and some exciting experiences, we reached Edmonton."
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| balanced sentence | phrases and clauses balance each other by virtue or their likeness or structure, meaning an/or length. ex: "he maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadth me beside the still waters."
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| natural order | subject comes before the predicate. ex: "Oranges grow in California."
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| inverted order | predicate comes before the subject. ex: "In California grow oranges." (normal sent. patterns are reversed to create an emphatic order/rythmic effect.
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| split order | divides predicate into parts with the subject coming in the middle. ex: "In California oranges grow."
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| juxtaposition | poetic + rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words/phrases are places next to each other (effect of wit/surprise). ex: "The apparition of these face in a crowd:/Petals on a wet, black, bough." ("In a station at the Metro" by E.Pound
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| parallel structure (parallelism) | grammatical or structural similarity between sent's or parts of a sent. involves an arangement of words/phrases/sent's/para's so that elements of equal important are equally developed/similiarly phrased. ex:"He was walking, running, and jumping for joy."
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| repetition | device in which words, sounds + ideas are used more than once. (purpose = enhancing rhythn/creating emphasis). ex: "...govt of the ppl, by the ppl, for the ppl, shall not perish from the earth." (Gettysburg address - Lincoln)
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| clause | grammatical organization
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| phrase | a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit
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| message | authors main idea, concept
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| tone | attitude in which an author presents a subject. a particuliar tone results from a writer's diction, sentence structure, purpose + attitude towards the subject. ex: serious, scholarly, humorous, mournful, ironic...
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| style | individual manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas. author's particular selection of words, sentence structure, arrangement of ideas create style.
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| speaker | narrator of a story, poem, drama - fictional persona. (not the author - creates the voice of the speaker)
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| organization | arrangement and presentation of ideas. Narration (organized chronologically), Exposition (simplest > complex), Argument (least imp. > most imp.). good writers are careful to discover an order of presentation suitable for their audience and their purpose.
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| objective / subjective | objective (writing factual and impersonal) subjective (impressionistic writing, personal interpretation)
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| thesis | statement of the main idea of an essay - controlling idea. thesis may be implied rather than stated directly.
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| structure | how something is organized
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| prose | exposition, description, persuasive, synthesis, exigence (written or spoken in language)
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| rhetorical appeals | ethos (persuade readers by appealing to their sense of ethical principles), logos( use of logic as a controlling principle in an argument), pathos (argumentative proof - emotional lang, connotative diction, appeals to reader's empathetic values/emotions)
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| logical fallacy | error in reasonin makes argument invalid. oversimplification; non sequitur "it does not follow"; post hoc, ergo propter hoc "after this therefore because of this"; begging the question (assuming);false analogy; either/or thinking (issue only has 2 sides)
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| simile | (F.O.S)comparision between 2 unlike things using the words like/as/than
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| Euphemism | mild/pleasant sounding expression that substitutes for a harsh, indelicate idea. (used to soften the impact of what is being discussed. ex:"departed" > "dead"
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| argument | form of persuasion that appeals to reason instead of emotions to convince an audience to think/act in a certain way
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| chiasmus | in poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the 2nd part is syntactically balanced against the first, but w/ the part reversed.
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| Asyndeton | commas used w/o conjuctions to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally.
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| Assonance | repetition of similar vowels sounds followed by diff. consonant sounds especially in words that are together.
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| Zeugma | use of a word to modify 2 or more words, but used for diff. meanings.
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| symbolism | device in literature where an object represents an idea
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| pun | usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest 2 or more meanings,(play on words).
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| oxymoron | phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction
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| symbol | a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself + that also stands for s/t more than itself.
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| tricolon | sentence of 3 parts of equal imp. + length, usually 3 independent clauses.
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| imagery | use of lang. to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or an experience
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| mood | an atmosphere created by a writer's diction and the details selected.
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| theme | main idea of the overall work; central idea; topic of discourse/discussion
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| tetracolon | a succession of four coordinate items
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| epistrophe | the repetition of a word/words at the end of successive phrases/sentences
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| asyndeton | abscense of expected conjuctions
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| anaphora | repetition of a word/words at the beginning of successive phrases/sentences
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| tautology | repetition of an idea in 2 words that are nearly synonymous
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| synchises | balanced pair of phrases/clauses in which the order of the 1st pair is repeated in the 2nd pair
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| polysyndeton | the use of more conjuctions than is normal
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| oxymoron | the juxtaposition of 2 normally incompatible words; in essence, a 2-word paradox.
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| annotation | a note of explanation or comment added to a text or diagram
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| clause | a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate
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| phrase | a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause.
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| conjunction | a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g., and, but, if).
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| preposition | a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in “the man on the platform,” “she arrived after dinner,”
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| oversimplification | simplify (something) so much that a distorted impression of it is given : a false and oversimplified view of human personality.
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| analysis | detailed examination of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpretation
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| form | the structure of a word, phrase, sentence, or discourse
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