a set of terms for the RCM Music History 2 exam
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Meaning "one voice" , a type of music developed by the Florentine Camerata. Consists of a solo voice with simple accompaniment. The voice imitates the natural rhythms of speech and this concept was favoured in early Baroque operas.
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| show | A group of poets and musicians who were active in northern France between the 11th and 13th centuries. Many of these musicians were of the upper aristocratic classes, and they often composed their own music in addition to performing.
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| show | a hymn of the Lutheran church, usually written for four part harmony; in part developed by Martin Luther during the Renaissance.
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| show | A type of chamber music consisting of a piano, violin, and cello for the instrumentation. The term also refers to music written for this instrumentation.
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| word painting | show 🗑
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| drone | show 🗑
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| show | An orchestral ensemble that consists of piano, violin, viola, cello, double bass. The term also refers to music written for this instrumentation.
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| ground bass | show 🗑
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| show | comes from Latin meaning "flight"; refers to a passage in a composition that features independent melodic lines. There are entrances by the subject followed by an answer.
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| show | Meaning "low" in French, the word is used to describe hand-held musical instruments from the Middle Ages and Renaissance that are soft and therefore were typically used indoors.
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| haut | show 🗑
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| cadenza | show 🗑
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| sinfonia | show 🗑
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| show | Originated from the Old French word meaning "to turn or twist". One of three fixed poetic forms frequently used by Ars nova composers, including Machaut. The form consists of ABBA and generally featured a secular text.
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| opera buffa | show 🗑
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| show | The term which describes the multi-movement structure found in sonatas, string quartets, symphonies, concertos, and other large-scale works of the Classical (and Romantic) eras.
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| stile rappresentativo | show 🗑
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| clausula | show 🗑
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| show | Three solo instruments( usually two violins and a cello, or one violinist, one viola player, and a cello) performed together as a chamber ensemble. The term also refers to music written for this instrumentation
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| show | a vocal genre that first developed in Italy during the Renaissance. They are generally written for four to six voices that may or may not have instrumental accompaniment.
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| show | In many Classical concertos, this term refers to the twofold statement of the first theme, once by the orchestra and then again by the soloist.
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| show | meaning "Lamb of God" in Latin, it is the fifth and final part of the Ordinary Mass of the Roman Catholic Church. The text is usually from the book of John (in the New Testament section of the Bible).
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| nonsense syllables | show 🗑
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| sonata | show 🗑
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| show | The Latin phrase meaning "Glory to God in the heavens" begins the second item of the Ordinary Mass.
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| sonata-allegro form | show 🗑
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| aria | show 🗑
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| triplum | show 🗑
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| show | a French Renaissance dance that was frequently used as the first in a series of dances. A slow, stately court dance in duple meter that was popular throughout Europe.
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| show | A group of four solo instrumentalists usually consisting of a first and second violinist, violist, and cellist who perform together as a string ensemble. The term also refers to music written for this instrumentation.
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| chorale prelude | show 🗑
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| arioso | show 🗑
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| show | Meaning "sensitive" in German, it is an expressive musical style. It refers to music with elements of surprise, abrupt harmonic changes, modulations, suspenseful pauses, changes of texture, and sudden dynamic shifts.
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| show | the French word for "round" which refers to the fact that the participants danced in a circle or a line. It is a Renaissance dance which is associated with the outdoors.
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| show | A version of binary form with a restatement of the "A" section which ends on a harmony other than tonic, requiring the "B" section to return the music back to the tonic. The difference between this and ternary is the treatment of the cadences.
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| show | from the Greek word meaning "song"; refers to a type of text setting when a word is stretched over a series of notes. This style is often found in chants.
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| show | An ensemble of mixed singers who perform together in a large-scale vocal work, such as an opera or oratorio. Also, a composition written for such an ensemble.
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| menuet and trio | show 🗑
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| rhythmic modes | show 🗑
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| show | Music that is written for a single melodic line-the music may have different voices and/or instruments, but they all perform the same music at the same time. Typical of early chants.
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| show | A 16th century group of instruments from the same family (such as recorders or shawms), but in different sizes. The sounds therefore blended together well.
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| show | A type of singing in which a soloist(s) alternates with the choir. The style often consists of a verse for the soloist, then imitated by the choir.
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| show | Any music or chord that contains notes that do not belong to the diatonic scale.
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| bridge | show 🗑
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| recitativo secco | show 🗑
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| syllabic | show 🗑
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| ballade | show 🗑
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| improvisation | show 🗑
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| duplum | show 🗑
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| concerto | show 🗑
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| show | A large Italian work of the 18th and 19th centuries that had a heroic or tragic storyline.
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| show | A style of composition that has many voices, each with its own melody, thus creating rich sound.
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| ripieno | show 🗑
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| show | The celebration of the Roman Catholic Mass in which the items are sung, distinguishing it from the low Mass, in which all the prayers are read or recited without music.
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| show | Italian for "unceasing" and refers to a short melodic, rhythmic, or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or some portion of a composition.
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| strophic form | show 🗑
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| neumes | show 🗑
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| show | A term applied to French(and some German) compositions of the 18th century, implying a light, airy, graceful and ornamented style, in response to the more rigid lines and complex textures of the Baroque era.
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| symphony | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "little book", a printed copy of the words to a large-scale vocal work.
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| scherzo | show 🗑
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| da capo aria | show 🗑
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| show | A popular Renaissance vocal genre originating in Italy. Subject matter was usually light-hearted having word painting as well as harmonic and rhythmic contrast.
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| Credo | show 🗑
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| stile concitato | show 🗑
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| branle | show 🗑
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| Ars nova | show 🗑
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| show | An ornamentation: notes, usually of short duration, are added to the main melody of a composition to decorate or ornament the melody. These notes may be either written down by the composer, or improvised by the performer.
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| show | Latin for "fixed melody"; the basis of polyphonic compositions during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The tune was taken from a Gregorian chant and would move very slowly underneath more rapid vocal or instrumental lines above it.
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| oratorio | show 🗑
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| Motetus | show 🗑
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| show | An accompanied vocal solo found in large scale vocal genres such as opera, cantatas, and oratorios.
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| theme and variations | show 🗑
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| toccata | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "little hope" or "jump". An Italian dance dating back to the 14th century which was popular until the Baroque era. The dance is in a quick 3/4 or 6/8 time, mostly in triplets, with a hop step at the beginning of each measure.
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| Baroque dance suite | show 🗑
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| musica ficta | show 🗑
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| show | A musical drama complete with libretto and usually sung throughout. It is a combination of music, drama, scenery, costumes, dance, etc., which creates a complete art form.
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| show | An old name for a variation used mainly by Baroque composers including Handel.
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| show | The fourth item of the Proper Mass. The text comes primarily from the Psalms and melodies are generally melismatic and responsorial.
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| binary form | show 🗑
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| show | One of the oldest surviving purely instrumental forms from the 13th and 14th centuries. Constructed in three to seven separate sections called puncta, each repeated immediately with two closes, the first called ouvert, and the second called clos.
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| show | A short recurring instrumental passage in a Baroque concerto, particularly in a tutti section.
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| monothematic | show 🗑
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| solo concerto | show 🗑
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| galliard | show 🗑
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| show | A text setting found in chants, one syllable of text given to one character. In comparison, syllabic texture is one note per syllable, and melismatic is many notes per syllable.
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| imitation | show 🗑
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| rondeau | show 🗑
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| chordal declamation | show 🗑
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| show | The type of musical work used in the Roman Catholic church where chants and prayers vary from day to day throughout the Church year according to the particular liturgical occasion (Easter, Christmas, etc.)
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| Mass Ordinary | show 🗑
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| show | A technique developed by the Mannheim orchestra in Germany during the 18th century. A rapid upward arpeggio over a large range, combined with a crescendo, which became popular during the Classical era.
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| modes | show 🗑
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| piano quintet | show 🗑
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| show | Also known as "Gregorian chant", it is one of the earliest surviving styles of music in Western Europe. A prayer set to music with monophonic texture and conjunct melodies.
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| polytextuality | show 🗑
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| organum | show 🗑
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| tenor | show 🗑
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| show | A French Renaissance court dance that was graceful and stately, without rapid steps and leaps of other dances from that era. A dance that proceeded around a hall in a gentle, dignified manner, led by the highest ranking couple.
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| show | From the Greek word meaning "reed", therefore meaning something straight or something ruled or measured. A strict counterpoint in which each voice exactly imitates the previous voice at a fixed distance.
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| ordre | show 🗑
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| show | Refers to both an instrumental composition intended to introduce a larger composition, as well as a short composition for a keyboard instrument.
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| show | Decorative notes of short duration added to compositions (by virtually any instrument) to emphasize certain notes and to add flavor to the composition.
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| fantasia | show 🗑
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| Kyrie | show 🗑
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| chorale variations | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "large ensemble", it refers to a Baroque style of music in which a small group of solo instruments plays in opposition to a larger ensemble.
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| a cappella | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "little ensemble", it describes a solo group of instruments within the Baroque concerto grosso.
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| Sanctus | show 🗑
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| show | An 18th century term, referring to a form of composition in which there are usually three sections, arranged: A-B-A-C-A, for example.
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| cornetto | show 🗑
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| dulcimer | show 🗑
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| show | A French stringed instrument consisting of a wooden frame over which several strings are stretched. The strings are then struck with hammers. Popular in Europe by the 1600's and can be classified as a Bas instrument.
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| viol | show 🗑
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| show | Italian for "oboe of love", it is a member of the modern oboe family with a soprano/alto range that is somewhat gentler with lower notes that are dark, full and rich.
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| show | An older term which refers to the tenor part, usually performed by the viola.
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| show | An indoor (Bas) wind instrument that was popular from the Middle Ages to the Baroque era. It is a simple instrument related to the flute sounded by blowing into one end and the pitch is adjusted by covering finger holes.
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| show | Early stringed keyboard instrument that produces tones by plucking strings with quills rather than by striking them with hammers (as in the modern piano). The range of this instrument is generally about four octaves.
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| show | Refers to a family of bowed stringed instruments (Bas, or indoor) popular during the Renaissance. This family is the ancestor of the modern double-bass. The tone was softer and sweeter than that of the modern violin family.
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| Violoncello | show 🗑
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| clavier | show 🗑
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| show | Small Medieval kettledrums (copper shells with calf or goat skin heads tensioned by hemp cord). The modern equivalent is the timpani.
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| psaltry | show 🗑
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| oboe da caccia | show 🗑
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| show | A small keyboard instrument popular in the Renaissance and with J.S. Bach during the Baroque era. Strings are struck on this instrument therefore the volume of the clavichord is very soft.
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| sackbut | show 🗑
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| regal | show 🗑
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| show | Popular in the Middle Age and Renaissance periods. It is a plucked string instrument of the guitar family, with a short, fretted neck, rounded back, and a large body something between oval- and pear-shaped.
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| show | An old name for a harpsichord. Thus, it is a keyboard instrument, popular during the Baroque era.
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| tabor | show 🗑
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| show | French word for "harpsichord" or spinet. The harpsichord was most popular during the late Renaissance and Baroque periods.
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| show | A popular Middle Ages and Renaissance instrument that was used from the 13th to 17th centuries. It has a double reed and a particularly loud, rough, nasal tone. It was made in seven sizes, preceded the oboe, classified as an outdoor (haut) instrument.
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| show | A keyboard instrument related to the harpsichord, popular during the 16th and 17th centuries in England. It has one set of strings and jacks and one keyboard.
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| crumhorn | show 🗑
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| positive | show 🗑
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| show | A Medieval and Renaissance bowed string instrument (originating in Arabia), either pear shaped or long and narrow and usually three strings. It was used mainly in secular and dance music from the 13th century onwards and is classified as a Bas instrument.
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| show | A small Medieval organ operated by only one person and small enough to be carried or set on a table. It usually had one set of pipes and was often used for processional music. It was strapped over the performer's shoulder.
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| Franco-Flemish school | show 🗑
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| show | A Baroque composer known for his opera reforms, including the need to make opera more realistic and reflect genuine human emotions. Created a more international style of opera, taking elements from German, Italian and French operas.
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| Fiztwilliam Virginal Book | show 🗑
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| Pope Gregory I | show 🗑
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| Danseyre | show 🗑
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| Martin Luther | show 🗑
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| show | A visionary, a poet, a composer, a naturalist, a healer and theologian. Even though she received no formal training in music, her talent and motivation drove her to write 77 chants as well as the first ever musical play, Ordo Virtutum.
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| Sturm und drang | show 🗑
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| show | An anonymous treatise meaning "music manual". It contains the first known polyphonic notation. It was a manual for singers and is one of the major musical documents of the Middle Ages.
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| Le nuove musiche | show 🗑
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| Protestant Reformation | show 🗑
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| show | Became a great musical centre in Germany during the mid-18th century. Several musical innovations took place there and were named after it, including the ___________ roll, rocket, and crescendo.
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| Florentine Camerata | show 🗑
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| show | The Roman Catholic's response to the Protestant churches that broke away from the Catholic church. The Catholic church encouraged ornate and exuberant art and music, which became known as "Baroque" style.
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| Musica Transalpina | show 🗑
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| Notre Dame school | show 🗑
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| show | Th author of the music theory text called Ars nova, which became the name of that entire period of music history. His rhythmic developments led to greater independence of the vocal parts.
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| Council of Trent | show 🗑
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| Isorhythm | show 🗑
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| show | A style of music where the tenor sings the original chant melody in very long notes while the upper voices move freely and rapidly above it.
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| show | An early form of harmony used in the Middle Ages which developed from organum. It was formed by adding a part or parts to the tenor, differing from organum in that the parts moved not only in parallel motion but also contrary motion.
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| show | Refers to a performance style in which an ensemble is divided into two or more groups, performing alternately as separate groups and in unison.
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| Trouser role | show 🗑
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| show | A polyphonic vocal style of composition. It was popular in the Middle Ages, when it consisted of a tenor voice foundation upon which other tunes were added.
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| show | A male singer who was castrated during boyhood to preserve the soprano or alto vocal register. This practice was sanctioned by the Catholic church because women were not permitted to sing in the church.
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| show | A book or essay written about a specific topic, in which its principles are discussed and explained.
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| liturgy | show 🗑
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| recitative | show 🗑
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