CSU Skinner Terminology
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| Continuous reinforcement | Every time a specific action is performed the subject instantly and always receives a reinforcement. This method is hard to carry out, and the reinforced behavior is prone to extinction.
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| Fixed Interval reinforcement | Reinforcement is set for a certain time duration. Times between reinforcements are not set, and often differ.
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| Fixed Ratio reinforcement | Deals with a set amount of work needed to be completed before there is reinforcement.
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| Positive reinforcement | When a behavior is followed by a favorable stimulus that increases the frequency of that behavior.
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| Negative reinforcement | When a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus thereby increasing that behavior's frequency.
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| Punishment | When a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior. Skinner did NOT advocate using punishment.
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| Extinction | The removal of a reinforcer (lack of any consequence following a behavior) causing a behavior to decrease in frequency.
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| Intermittent Reinforcement | When we reinforce a behavior only sometimes instead of every time it happens.
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| Fading | A gradual change of a stimulus while the response stays about the same. Starts with a strong stimulus which is faded.(e.g., Teaching "sit" to a dog; start with a loud command. Slowly fade out loud command to a whisper.
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| Shaping | successive approximation. Involves reinforcing successive, increasingly accurate approximations of a response desired by a trainer.
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| Chaining | Involves linking discrete behaviors together in a series, The number of steps completed by the client increases sequentially over time as each step is mastered.
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| Time-Outs | A form of withdrawing positive reinforcement by removing the individual from the reinforcing situation (NOT to be used as punishment).
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