Digestion/Absorption
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| GI tract | a flexible muscular tube that extends from the mouth all the way to the anus. This is the digestive tract where the principal organs are the stomach and intestines
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| duodenum | the top portion of the small intestine
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| ileum | the last segment of the small intestine
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| jejunum | the first 2/5ths of the small intestine beyond the duodenum
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| sphincter | a circular muscle surrounding and able to close body opening. they regulate the flow of intestinal contents
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| lumen | the space within a vessel such as the intestine
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| bolus | a portion; with respect to food; the amount swallowed at one time
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| chyme | the semiliquid mass of partially digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
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| peristalsis | wavelike muscular contractions of the GI tract that push its contents along
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| segmentation | a periodic squeezing or partitioning of the intestine at intervals along its length by its circular muscles
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| GI motility | the spontaneous movement of the GI tract that aids in the digestion and transit of the contents within it
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| transit time | the time it takes for ingested food to travel through the human gut
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| reflux | a backward flow
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| villi | fingerlike projections from the folds of the small intestine
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| microvilli | hairlike projections on each cell of every villus that can trap nutrient particles and transport them to the cells
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| crypt | tubular gland that lies between the intestinal villi and secrete intestinal juices into the small intestine
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| goblet cells | cells of the GI tract (and lungs) that secrete mucus
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| lymphatic system | a network of tissues and organs that transport fluids toward the heart
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| circulatory system | the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body, consisting of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands
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| homeostasis | A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly
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| constipation | the condition of having infrequent or difficult bowel movements
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| diarrhea | the frequent passage of watery bowel movements
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| peptic ulcer | a lesion in the mucous membrane of either the stomach or the duodenum
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| IBS | recurring abdominal pain related to defecation
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| celiac disease | an intestinal disorder in which the inability to absorb gluten results in an immune response that damages intestinal cells
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| bloating/distention | uncomfortable abdominal fullness or distention
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| FODMAP | a collective term used to describe fermentable bla blas and polys that are commonly found in such foods
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| gut microbiota | the system of microorganisms in a person's gastrointestinal system
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| CKK | signals the gallbladder to release its stores of bile
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| bile | an emulsifier that prepares fats and oils for digestion; an exocrine secretion made by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and released into the small intestine when needed
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| sodium bicarbonate | the opposite of the stomach's acid; secreted from the pancreas as part of the pancreatic juice
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| mucus | a slippery substance secreted by cells of the GI lining that protects the linings from exposure to digestive juices
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| HCL | hydrochloric acid
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| salivary amylase | enzyme that is produced by the salivary glands
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| pancreatic amylase | enzyme that is produced by the pancreas
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| digestion | the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units
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| emulsifier | a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that enables oils and fats to mingle in a watery solution
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| probiotics | living microorganisms found in foods and dietary supplements that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, support for good health
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| gastric juices | saturate the chyme and kill any microorganisms. It helps absorb nutrients
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