AP Gov Unit 1
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| American Institutions | an institution created or existing under the laws of the United States of America or of any state, district or territory thereof
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| 10th Amendment | The federal government only has the powers delegated to them in the constitution
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| 14th Amendment (Equal Protection Clause) | Granted citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in the United States (including formerly enslaved people) and guaranteed equal protection under the law
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| 15th Amendment | Prohibits state and federal governments from denying a citizen’s right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
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| Commerce Clause (Article 1, Section 3, Clause 8) | Gives Congress the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce
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| Habeas Corpus (Article 1, Section 9, Clause 2) | Protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment by requiring a person to be brought before a judge or a court to secure their release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention
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| Bill of Attainder (Article 1, Sections 9, Clause 3) | Prohibits Congress from enacting legislation that inflicts punishment on an individual basis without a judicial trial
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| Ex Post Facto (Article 1, Sections 9, Clause 3) | Prohibits federal and state governments from punishing actions retroactively, thereby criminalizing conduct that was legal when originally performed.
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| Supremacy Clause (Article 6, Paragraph 2) | Federal law takes precedence over state law
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| Necessary and Proper Clause (Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18) | Allows Congress to pass laws that they believe are necessary in order to perform their responsibilities
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| Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson) | Four Sections: the Preamble/Statement of Human Rights, Charges against Human Rights/Charged against the King and Parliament, Statement of Separation, Signatures
A statement of philosophy, NOT a governing document
Inalienable Rights
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| Articles of Confederation (Benjamin Franklin) | A union of supreme sovereign states, a “league of friendship”
Equal representation for all states, with 1 vote in the unicameral Congress
Weak national government (little power given)
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| Fed 10 (James Madison) | A strong federal government can protect liberty because it guards against the dangers of control by a narrow interests (political factions)
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| Brutus 1 (Robert Yeates) | Argues that a free republic cannot exist in such a large territory as the United States and that the constitution would overrule state governments and take away their power
Necessary and Proper Clause: too vague and granted the fed gov. too much power
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| Fed 51 (James Madison) | Addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government.
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| Constitution (James Madison) | A document that sets the fundamental principles of governance and establishes institutions
Separation of Powers among 3 branches, the national government, and the states
Limited Government, some individual liberties
Checks and Balances
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| Supreme Court | the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation.
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| Inalienable Rights | life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
government cannot take these away
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| Participatory Democracy | emphasizes broad participation in politics and civil society, citizens vote on things directly
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| Elite Democracy | emphasizes limited participation in politics and civil society
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| Bicameral | a type of legislature, one divided into two separate assemblies, chambers, or houses
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| Judicial Branch | Made up of courts (supreme, state, city and local)
Interprets the laws and settle disputes between states
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| Legislative Branch | Made up of the house and senate (congress)
Powers: make laws, oversee elections, taxes, impeachment, common defense, declare war, establish post office, coin $, commerce, borrow $, immigration/naturalization process, necessary and proper clause
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| Executive Branch | Made up of the President and his advisors
Powers: enforces laws through departments, pardon, commander in chief, executive appointments, diplomacy/treaties, convene both houses, fill recess appointments, veto or sign laws
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| Two-Thirds Vote | if the president vetoes a bill, Congress may override the veto by a two-thirds supermajority of both houses
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| Expressed Powers | Specifically granted to the federal government in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution
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| Three-Fourths Vote | a three-quarters supermajority of state legislatures is required for final adoption of any constitutional amendment
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| Popular Sovereignty | government’s right to rule comes directly from the people
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| Marbury v Madison | Supreme Court case that established the principle of Judicial Review
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| McCulloch v Maryland | Congress established a national bank located in Maryland and the state decided to place a tax on it, which the cashier refused to pay
McCulloch won
While states retain the power of taxation, the constitution and the laws made under it are supreme
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| US v Lopez | Lopez carried a concealed weapon into his school and was charged under the 1990 Gun-Free Zone Act
Lopez won
The law is a criminal statute that has nothing to do with “commerce” (carrying a gun into a school zone doesn't impact the economy)
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| Roe v Wade | Jane Roe filed a lawsuit against Henry Wade challenging a Texas law making abortion illegal
Roe won
Inherent in the Due Process Clause (14) is a fundamental “right to privacy” that protects a woman’s choice whether or not to have an abortion
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| Republic | Americans elect representatives to make most of the laws and policies in the nation (versus voting on them directly) and protect the needs of the majority and minority
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| Double Jeopardy Clause (5th Amendment) | prohibits anyone from being prosecuted twice for substantially the same crime
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| Judicial Review | The review by congress by the US supreme court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act or law
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| Checks + Balances | Each branch has powers that can prevent the other branches from making policy. (Created to prevent the concentration of power in a single branch or person)
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| Veto | A constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by the law-making body.
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| Connecticut Compromise | An agreement reached during the constitutional convention that provided the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.
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| Anti-Federalists | opposed the creation of a strong central government, and argued against the ratification of the Constitution
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| Federalists | support a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority, and advocated for the ratification of the Constitution
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| Shay’s Rebellion | an armed uprising in Western Massachusetts in response to a debt crisis and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes (showed the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation)
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| Democracy | a system of government where the majority rules
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| Enumerated Powers | the powers granted to the federal government, specifically Congress, in the Constitution
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| Article I | Defines the roles and responsibilities of the legislative branch
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| Article II | Defines the roles and responsibilities of the executive branch
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| Article III | Defines the roles and responsibilities of the judicial branch
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