Sparta vs Athens, Persian & Peloponnesian Wars
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| Sparta | one of the most prominent ancient Greek city-states, known for being a warrior society structured around the military; a rival of Athens
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| Lycurgus | lawmaker who, according to Spartan legend, formed Sparta’s military society after a group of enslaved people revolted
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| helots | an enslaved person in ancient Sparta who was forced to work the land for crops and were only allowed to keep a portion of what they grew
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| perioeci | descendants of conquered people who worked to benefit Sparta’s economy and paid taxes, but could not vote
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| rigorous training | Spartan military and survival training that all boys and men had to go through
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| Herodotus | ancient Greek historian from Halicarnassus; has been called the first historian and the Father of History; wrote histories of the Greek and Persian Wars
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| phalanx | a close formation, typically of infantry or soldiers
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| Delian League | an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens, formed to defend against attacks by Persia
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| Peloponnesian League | an alliance of Greek city-states, led by Sparta, whose members promised to help one another in times of war
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| Thucydides | ancient Athenian historian who wrote a detailed account of the Peloponnesian Wars
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| ephor | a member of the Spartan council of officials who watched over the kings
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| Greek and Persian Wars | a series of armed conflicts fought between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire from around 500 to 449 BCE
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| Peloponnesian Wars | a series of armed conflicts fought among Athens, Sparta, and their allies in the fifth century
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